webbrowser API Reference
Full documentation for webbrowser (Standard Library / Native)
webbrowser.BackgroundBrowser
Python Library Documentation: class BackgroundBrowser in module webbrowser class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser) | BackgroundBrowser(name) | | Class for all browsers which are to be started in the | background. | | Method resolution order: | BackgroundBrowser | GenericBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from GenericBrowser: | | __init__(self, name) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.BaseBrowser
Python Library Documentation: class BaseBrowser in module webbrowser class BaseBrowser(builtins.object) | BaseBrowser(name='') | | Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly. | | Methods defined here: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Chrome
Python Library Documentation: class Chrome in module webbrowser class Chrome(UnixBrowser) | Chrome(name='') | | Launcher class for Google Chrome browser. | | Method resolution order: | Chrome | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = True | | remote_action = '' | | remote_action_newtab = '' | | remote_action_newwin = '--new-window' | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | raise_opts = None | | redirect_stdout = True | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Chromium
Python Library Documentation: class Chrome in module webbrowser class Chrome(UnixBrowser) | Chrome(name='') | | Launcher class for Google Chrome browser. | | Method resolution order: | Chrome | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = True | | remote_action = '' | | remote_action_newtab = '' | | remote_action_newwin = '--new-window' | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | raise_opts = None | | redirect_stdout = True | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Edge
Python Library Documentation: class Edge in module webbrowser class Edge(UnixBrowser) | Edge(name='') | | Launcher class for Microsoft Edge browser. | | Method resolution order: | Edge | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = True | | remote_action = '' | | remote_action_newtab = '' | | remote_action_newwin = '--new-window' | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | raise_opts = None | | redirect_stdout = True | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Elinks
Python Library Documentation: class Elinks in module webbrowser class Elinks(UnixBrowser) | Elinks(name='') | | Launcher class for Elinks browsers. | | Method resolution order: | Elinks | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = False | | redirect_stdout = False | | remote_action = '' | | remote_action_newtab = ',new-tab' | | remote_action_newwin = ',new-window' | | remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | raise_opts = None | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Epiphany
Python Library Documentation: class Epiphany in module webbrowser class Epiphany(UnixBrowser) | Epiphany(name='') | | Launcher class for Epiphany browser. | | Method resolution order: | Epiphany | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = True | | raise_opts = ['-noraise', ''] | | remote_action = '-n' | | remote_action_newwin = '-w' | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | redirect_stdout = True | | remote_action_newtab = None | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Error
Python Library Documentation: class Error in module webbrowser class Error(builtins.Exception) | Method resolution order: | Error | builtins.Exception | builtins.BaseException | builtins.object | | Data descriptors defined here: | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.Exception: | | __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException: | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __setstate__(...) | | __str__(self, /) | Return str(self). | | add_note(...) | Exception.add_note(note) -- | add a note to the exception | | with_traceback(...) | Exception.with_traceback(tb) -- | set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException: | | __cause__ | exception cause | | __context__ | exception context | | __dict__ | | __suppress_context__ | | __traceback__ | | args
webbrowser.GenericBrowser
Python Library Documentation: class GenericBrowser in module webbrowser class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser) | GenericBrowser(name) | | Class for all browsers started with a command | and without remote functionality. | | Method resolution order: | GenericBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __init__(self, name) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Konqueror
Python Library Documentation: class Konqueror in module webbrowser class Konqueror(BaseBrowser) | Konqueror(name='') | | Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror). | | See the output of ``kfmclient --commands`` | for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface. | | Method resolution order: | Konqueror | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Mozilla
Python Library Documentation: class Mozilla in module webbrowser class Mozilla(UnixBrowser) | Mozilla(name='') | | Launcher class for Mozilla browsers. | | Method resolution order: | Mozilla | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = True | | remote_action = '' | | remote_action_newtab = '-new-tab' | | remote_action_newwin = '-new-window' | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | raise_opts = None | | redirect_stdout = True | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.Opera
Python Library Documentation: class Opera in module webbrowser class Opera(UnixBrowser) | Opera(name='') | | Launcher class for Opera browser. | | Method resolution order: | Opera | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = True | | remote_action = '' | | remote_action_newtab = '' | | remote_action_newwin = '--new-window' | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from UnixBrowser: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from UnixBrowser: | | raise_opts = None | | redirect_stdout = True | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.UnixBrowser
Python Library Documentation: class UnixBrowser in module webbrowser class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser) | UnixBrowser(name='') | | Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality. | | Method resolution order: | UnixBrowser | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | background = False | | raise_opts = None | | redirect_stdout = True | | remote_action = None | | remote_action_newtab = None | | remote_action_newwin = None | | remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.WindowsDefault
Python Library Documentation: class WindowsDefault in module webbrowser class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser) | WindowsDefault(name='') | | Method resolution order: | WindowsDefault | BaseBrowser | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __init__(self, name='') | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | open_new(self, url) | | open_new_tab(self, url) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseBrowser: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from BaseBrowser: | | args = ['%s']
webbrowser.get
Python Library Documentation: function get in module webbrowser
get(using=None)
Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment.
webbrowser.main
Python Library Documentation: function main in module webbrowser main()
webbrowser.open
Python Library Documentation: function open in module webbrowser
open(url, new=0, autoraise=True)
Display url using the default browser.
If possible, open url in a location determined by new.
- 0: the same browser window (the default).
- 1: a new browser window.
- 2: a new browser page ("tab").
If possible, autoraise raises the window (the default) or not.
If opening the browser succeeds, return True.
If there is a problem, return False.
webbrowser.open_new
Python Library Documentation: function open_new in module webbrowser
open_new(url)
Open url in a new window of the default browser.
If not possible, then open url in the only browser window.
webbrowser.open_new_tab
Python Library Documentation: function open_new_tab in module webbrowser
open_new_tab(url)
Open url in a new page ("tab") of the default browser.
If not possible, then the behavior becomes equivalent to open_new().
webbrowser.os
Python Library Documentation: module os
NAME
os - OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/os.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
This exports:
- all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
- os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
- os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
- os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
- os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
- os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
- os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
- os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
- os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
- os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
- os.defpath is the default search path for executables
- os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)
Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms. Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).
CLASSES
builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
builtins.OSError
builtins.object
nt.DirEntry
builtins.tuple(builtins.object)
nt.times_result
nt.uname_result
stat_result
statvfs_result
terminal_size
class DirEntry(builtins.object)
| Methods defined here:
|
| __fspath__(self, /)
| Returns the path for the entry.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| inode(self, /)
| Return inode of the entry; cached per entry.
|
| is_dir(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
| Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry.
|
| is_file(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
| Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry.
|
| is_junction(self, /)
| Return True if the entry is a junction; cached per entry.
|
| is_symlink(self, /)
| Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry.
|
| stat(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
| Return stat_result object for the entry; cached per entry.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() "path" argument
|
| path
| the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name)
error = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class stat_result(builtins.tuple)
| stat_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| stat_result: Result from stat, fstat, or lstat.
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)
| or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.
|
| Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,
| or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.
|
| See os.stat for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| stat_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| st_atime
| time of last access
|
| st_atime_ns
| time of last access in nanoseconds
|
| st_birthtime
| time of creation
|
| st_birthtime_ns
| time of creation in nanoseconds
|
| st_ctime
| time of last change
|
| st_ctime_ns
| time of last change in nanoseconds
|
| st_dev
| device
|
| st_file_attributes
| Windows file attribute bits
|
| st_gid
| group ID of owner
|
| st_ino
| inode
|
| st_mode
| protection bits
|
| st_mtime
| time of last modification
|
| st_mtime_ns
| time of last modification in nanoseconds
|
| st_nlink
| number of hard links
|
| st_reparse_tag
| Windows reparse tag
|
| st_size
| total size, in bytes
|
| st_uid
| user ID of owner
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('st_mode', 'st_ino', 'st_dev', 'st_nlink', 'st_uid',...
|
| n_fields = 20
|
| n_sequence_fields = 10
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 3
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
class statvfs_result(builtins.tuple)
| statvfs_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),
| or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.
|
| See os.statvfs for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| statvfs_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| f_bavail
|
| f_bfree
|
| f_blocks
|
| f_bsize
|
| f_favail
|
| f_ffree
|
| f_files
|
| f_flag
|
| f_frsize
|
| f_fsid
|
| f_namemax
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('f_bsize', 'f_frsize', 'f_blocks', 'f_bfree', 'f_bav...
|
| n_fields = 11
|
| n_sequence_fields = 10
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
class terminal_size(builtins.tuple)
| terminal_size(iterable=(), /)
|
| A tuple of (columns, lines) for holding terminal window size
|
| Method resolution order:
| terminal_size
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| columns
| width of the terminal window in characters
|
| lines
| height of the terminal window in characters
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('columns', 'lines')
|
| n_fields = 2
|
| n_sequence_fields = 2
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
class times_result(builtins.tuple)
| times_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| times_result: Result from os.times().
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (user, system, children_user, children_system, elapsed),
| or via the attributes user, system, children_user, children_system,
| and elapsed.
|
| See os.times for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| times_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| children_system
| system time of children
|
| children_user
| user time of children
|
| elapsed
| elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past
|
| system
| system time
|
| user
| user time
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('user', 'system', 'children_user', 'children_system'...
|
| n_fields = 5
|
| n_sequence_fields = 5
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
class uname_result(builtins.tuple)
| uname_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| uname_result: Result from os.uname().
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine),
| or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine.
|
| See os.uname for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| uname_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| machine
| hardware identifier
|
| nodename
| name of machine on network (implementation-defined)
|
| release
| operating system release
|
| sysname
| operating system name
|
| version
| operating system version
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('sysname', 'nodename', 'release', 'version', 'machin...
|
| n_fields = 5
|
| n_sequence_fields = 5
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
FUNCTIONS
_exit(status)
Exit to the system with specified status, without normal exit processing.
abort()
Abort the interpreter immediately.
This function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible
on the hosting operating system. This function never returns.
access(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, effective_ids=False, follow_symlinks=True)
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.
path
Path to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield. Can be F_OK to test existence,
or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
effective_ids
If True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of
the real uid/gid.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
access will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd, effective_ids, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this
routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user
has the specified access to the path.
chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
chmod(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Change the access permissions of a file.
path
Path to be modified. May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield.
Be careful when using number literals for *mode*. The conventional UNIX notation for
numeric modes uses an octal base, which needs to be indicated with a ``0o`` prefix in
Python.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
chmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
close(fd)
Close a file descriptor.
closerange(fd_low, fd_high, /)
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.
cpu_count()
Return the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable.
This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can
use. The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with
``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))``
device_encoding(fd)
Return a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor.
The file descriptor must be attached to a terminal.
If the device is not a terminal, return None.
dup(fd, /)
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
dup2(fd, fd2, inheritable=True)
Duplicate file descriptor.
execl(file, *args)
execl(file, *args)
Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
current process.
execle(file, *args)
execle(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file with argument list args and
environment env, replacing the current process.
execlp(file, *args)
execlp(file, *args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
execlpe(file, *args)
execlpe(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
process.
execv(path, argv, /)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
execve(path, argv, env)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
execvp(file, args)
execvp(file, args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
execvpe(file, args, env)
execvpe(file, args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the
current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
fdopen(fd, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, *args, **kwargs)
fsdecode(filename)
Decode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) from the filesystem
encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return str unchanged. On
Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
fsencode(filename)
Encode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) to the filesystem
encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return bytes unchanged.
On Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
fspath(path)
Return the file system path representation of the object.
If the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the
object defines __fspath__(), then return the result of that method. All other
types raise a TypeError.
fstat(fd)
Perform a stat system call on the given file descriptor.
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
Equivalent to os.stat(fd).
fsync(fd)
Force write of fd to disk.
ftruncate(fd, length, /)
Truncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length.
get_blocking(fd, /)
Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor.
Return False if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared.
get_exec_path(env=None)
Returns the sequence of directories that will be searched for the
named executable (similar to a shell) when launching a process.
*env* must be an environment variable dict or None. If *env* is None,
os.environ will be used.
get_handle_inheritable(handle, /)
Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
get_inheritable(fd, /)
Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
get_terminal_size(...)
Return the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines).
The optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies
which file descriptor should be queried.
If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError
is thrown.
This function will only be defined if an implementation is
available for this system.
shutil.get_terminal_size is the high-level function which should
normally be used, os.get_terminal_size is the low-level implementation.
getcwd()
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
getcwdb()
Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.
getenv(key, default=None)
Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
key, default and the result are str.
getlogin()
Return the actual login name.
getpid()
Return the current process id.
getppid()
Return the parent's process id.
If the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still
return its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1).
isatty(fd, /)
Return True if the fd is connected to a terminal.
Return True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor
connected to the slave end of a terminal.
kill(pid, signal, /)
Kill a process with a signal.
link(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Create a hard link to a file.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic
link, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the
file the link points to.
src_dir_fd, dst_dir_fd, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your
platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
listdir(path=None)
Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes,
the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances
the filenames returned will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\
the file descriptor must refer to a directory.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
listdrives()
Return a list containing the names of drives in the system.
A drive name typically looks like 'C:\\'.
listmounts(volume)
Return a list containing mount points for a particular volume.
'volume' should be a GUID path as returned from os.listvolumes.
listvolumes()
Return a list containing the volumes in the system.
Volumes are typically represented as a GUID path.
lseek(fd, position, whence, /)
Set the position of a file descriptor. Return the new position.
fd
An open file descriptor, as returned by os.open().
position
Position, interpreted relative to 'whence'.
whence
The relative position to seek from. Valid values are:
- SEEK_SET: seek from the start of the file.
- SEEK_CUR: seek from the current file position.
- SEEK_END: seek from the end of the file.
The return value is the number of bytes relative to the beginning of the file.
lstat(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Perform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links.
Like stat(), but do not follow symbolic links.
Equivalent to stat(path, follow_symlinks=False).
makedirs(name, mode=511, exist_ok=False)
makedirs(name [, mode=0o777][, exist_ok=False])
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones. Works like
mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost)
will be created if it does not exist. If the target directory already
exists, raise an OSError if exist_ok is False. Otherwise no exception is
raised. This is recursive.
mkdir(path, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
The mode argument is ignored on Windows. Where it is used, the current umask
value is first masked out.
open(path, flags, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Open a file for low level IO. Returns a file descriptor (integer).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
pipe()
Create a pipe.
Returns a tuple of two file descriptors:
(read_fd, write_fd)
popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1)
putenv(name, value, /)
Change or add an environment variable.
read(fd, length, /)
Read from a file descriptor. Returns a bytes object.
readlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable,
using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as unlink()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
removedirs(name)
removedirs(name)
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are
ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.
rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
renames(old, new)
renames(old, new)
Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
path segments of the old name will be pruned until either the
whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.
Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
file.
replace(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory, overwriting the destination.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
scandir(path=None)
Return an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path
is bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in
all other circumstances they will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
set_blocking(fd, blocking, /)
Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor.
Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False,
clear the O_NONBLOCK flag otherwise.
set_handle_inheritable(handle, inheritable, /)
Set the inheritable flag of the specified handle.
set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, /)
Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.
spawnl(mode, file, *args)
spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnle(mode, file, *args)
spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnv(mode, path, argv, /)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
mode
Mode of process creation.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
spawnve(mode, path, argv, env, /)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
mode
Mode of process creation.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
startfile(...)
Start a file with its associated application.
When "operation" is not specified or "open", this acts like
double-clicking the file in Explorer, or giving the file name as an
argument to the DOS "start" command: the file is opened with whatever
application (if any) its extension is associated.
When another "operation" is given, it specifies what should be done with
the file. A typical operation is "print".
"arguments" is passed to the application, but should be omitted if the
file is a document.
"cwd" is the working directory for the operation. If "filepath" is
relative, it will be resolved against this directory. This argument
should usually be an absolute path.
"show_cmd" can be used to override the recommended visibility option.
See the Windows ShellExecute documentation for values.
startfile returns as soon as the associated application is launched.
There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way
to retrieve the application's exit status.
The filepath is relative to the current directory. If you want to use
an absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash ("/");
the underlying Win32 ShellExecute function doesn't work if it is.
stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
path
Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or
open-file-descriptor int.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to
that directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
It's an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
strerror(code, /)
Translate an error code to a message string.
symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.
target_is_directory is required on Windows if the target is to be
interpreted as a directory. (On Windows, symlink requires
Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.)
target_is_directory is ignored on non-Windows platforms.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
system(command)
Execute the command in a subshell.
times()
Return a collection containing process timing information.
The object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields:
(utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
All fields are floating-point numbers.
truncate(path, length)
Truncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
umask(mask, /)
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as remove()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
unsetenv(name, /)
Delete an environment variable.
urandom(size, /)
Return a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
utime(...)
Set the access and modified time of path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);
atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.
If ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns);
atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds
since the epoch.
If times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time.
Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path
as an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
waitpid(pid, options, /)
Wait for completion of a given process.
Returns a tuple of information regarding the process:
(pid, status << 8)
The options argument is ignored on Windows.
waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
Convert a wait status to an exit code.
On Unix:
* If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status).
* If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status).
* Otherwise, raise a ValueError.
On Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits.
On Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with
WUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
This function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)
Directory tree generator.
For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple
dirpath, dirnames, filenames
dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of
the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (including symlinks to directories,
and excluding '.' and '..').
filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).
If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
(directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple
for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).
When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
(e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune the
search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying dirnames when
topdown is false has no effect on the behavior of os.walk(), since the
directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames
itself is generated. No matter the value of topdown, the list of
subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its
subdirectories are generated.
By default errors from the os.scandir() call are ignored. If
optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
will be called with one argument, an OSError instance. It can
report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
filename attribute of the exception object.
By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the
optional argument 'followlinks' to true.
Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never
changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
either.
Example:
import os
from os.path import join, getsize
for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
print(root, "consumes ")
print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end=" ")
print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
if 'CVS' in dirs:
dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
write(fd, data, /)
Write a bytes object to a file descriptor.
DATA
EX_OK = 0
F_OK = 0
O_APPEND = 8
O_BINARY = 32768
O_CREAT = 256
O_EXCL = 1024
O_NOINHERIT = 128
O_RANDOM = 16
O_RDONLY = 0
O_RDWR = 2
O_SEQUENTIAL = 32
O_SHORT_LIVED = 4096
O_TEMPORARY = 64
O_TEXT = 16384
O_TRUNC = 512
O_WRONLY = 1
P_DETACH = 4
P_NOWAIT = 1
P_NOWAITO = 3
P_OVERLAY = 2
P_WAIT = 0
R_OK = 4
SEEK_CUR = 1
SEEK_END = 2
SEEK_SET = 0
TMP_MAX = 2147483647
W_OK = 2
X_OK = 1
__all__ = ['altsep', 'curdir', 'pardir', 'sep', 'pathsep', 'linesep', ...
altsep = '/'
curdir = '.'
defpath = r'.;C:\bin'
devnull = 'nul'
environ = environ({'ALLUSERSPROFILE': 'C:\\ProgramData', '...undled\\l...
extsep = '.'
linesep = '\r\n'
name = 'nt'
pardir = '..'
pathsep = ';'
sep = r'\'
supports_bytes_environ = False
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\os.py
webbrowser.register
Python Library Documentation: function register in module webbrowser
register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False)
Register a browser connector.
webbrowser.register_X_browsers
Python Library Documentation: function register_X_browsers in module webbrowser register_X_browsers()
webbrowser.register_standard_browsers
Python Library Documentation: function register_standard_browsers in module webbrowser register_standard_browsers()
webbrowser.shlex
Python Library Documentation: module shlex
NAME
shlex - A lexical analyzer class for simple shell-like syntaxes.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/shlex.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
CLASSES
builtins.object
shlex
class shlex(builtins.object)
| shlex(instream=None, infile=None, posix=False, punctuation_chars=False)
|
| A lexical analyzer class for simple shell-like syntaxes.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, instream=None, infile=None, posix=False, punctuation_chars=False)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self)
|
| __next__(self)
|
| error_leader(self, infile=None, lineno=None)
| Emit a C-compiler-like, Emacs-friendly error-message leader.
|
| get_token(self)
| Get a token from the input stream (or from stack if it's nonempty)
|
| pop_source(self)
| Pop the input source stack.
|
| push_source(self, newstream, newfile=None)
| Push an input source onto the lexer's input source stack.
|
| push_token(self, tok)
| Push a token onto the stack popped by the get_token method
|
| read_token(self)
|
| sourcehook(self, newfile)
| Hook called on a filename to be sourced.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Readonly properties defined here:
|
| punctuation_chars
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
FUNCTIONS
join(split_command)
Return a shell-escaped string from *split_command*.
quote(s)
Return a shell-escaped version of the string *s*.
split(s, comments=False, posix=True)
Split the string *s* using shell-like syntax.
DATA
__all__ = ['shlex', 'split', 'quote', 'join']
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\shlex.py
webbrowser.shutil
Python Library Documentation: module shutil
NAME
shutil - Utility functions for copying and archiving files and directory trees.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/shutil.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
XXX The functions here don't copy the resource fork or other metadata on Mac.
CLASSES
builtins.OSError(builtins.Exception)
Error
SameFileError
ExecError
SpecialFileError
class Error(builtins.OSError)
| Method resolution order:
| Error
| builtins.OSError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ExecError(builtins.OSError)
| Raised when a command could not be executed
|
| Method resolution order:
| ExecError
| builtins.OSError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SameFileError(Error)
| Raised when source and destination are the same file.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SameFileError
| Error
| builtins.OSError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors inherited from Error:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SpecialFileError(builtins.OSError)
| Raised when trying to do a kind of operation (e.g. copying) which is
| not supported on a special file (e.g. a named pipe)
|
| Method resolution order:
| SpecialFileError
| builtins.OSError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
FUNCTIONS
chown(path, user=None, group=None)
Change owner user and group of the given path.
user and group can be the uid/gid or the user/group names, and in that case,
they are converted to their respective uid/gid.
copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). Return the file's destination.
The destination may be a directory.
If follow_symlinks is false, symlinks won't be followed. This
resembles GNU's "cp -P src dst".
If source and destination are the same file, a SameFileError will be
raised.
copy2(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Copy data and metadata. Return the file's destination.
Metadata is copied with copystat(). Please see the copystat function
for more information.
The destination may be a directory.
If follow_symlinks is false, symlinks won't be followed. This
resembles GNU's "cp -P src dst".
copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Copy data from src to dst in the most efficient way possible.
If follow_symlinks is not set and src is a symbolic link, a new
symlink will be created instead of copying the file it points to.
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=0)
copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst
copymode(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Copy mode bits from src to dst.
If follow_symlinks is not set, symlinks aren't followed if and only
if both `src` and `dst` are symlinks. If `lchmod` isn't available
(e.g. Linux) this method does nothing.
copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Copy file metadata
Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and
flags from `src` to `dst`. On Linux, copystat() also copies the "extended
attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are
unaffected. `src` and `dst` are path-like objects or path names given as
strings.
If the optional flag `follow_symlinks` is not set, symlinks aren't
followed if and only if both `src` and `dst` are symlinks.
copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=<function copy2 at 0x000002024F923880>, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, dirs_exist_ok=False)
Recursively copy a directory tree and return the destination directory.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
links are copied. If the file pointed to by the symlink doesn't
exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in
an Error exception at the end of the copy process.
You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you
want to silence this exception. Notice that this has no effect on
platforms that don't support os.symlink.
The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
`src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
not be copied.
The optional copy_function argument is a callable that will be used
to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the
destination path as arguments. By default, copy2() is used, but any
function that supports the same signature (like copy()) can be used.
If dirs_exist_ok is false (the default) and `dst` already exists, a
`FileExistsError` is raised. If `dirs_exist_ok` is true, the copying
operation will continue if it encounters existing directories, and files
within the `dst` tree will be overwritten by corresponding files from the
`src` tree.
disk_usage(path)
Return disk usage statistics about the given path.
Returned values is a named tuple with attributes 'total', 'used' and
'free', which are the amount of total, used and free space, in bytes.
get_archive_formats()
Returns a list of supported formats for archiving and unarchiving.
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description)
get_terminal_size(fallback=(80, 24))
Get the size of the terminal window.
For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, COLUMNS
and LINES respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and
the value is a positive integer, it is used.
When COLUMNS or LINES is not defined, which is the common case,
the terminal connected to sys.__stdout__ is queried
by invoking os.get_terminal_size.
If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because
the system doesn't support querying, or because we are not
connected to a terminal, the value given in fallback parameter
is used. Fallback defaults to (80, 24) which is the default
size used by many terminal emulators.
The value returned is a named tuple of type os.terminal_size.
get_unpack_formats()
Returns a list of supported formats for unpacking.
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
(name, extensions, description)
ignore_patterns(*patterns)
Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
that are used to exclude files
make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None)
Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar",
"bztar", or "xztar". Or any other registered format.
'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file.
'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
uses the current owner and group.
move(src, dst, copy_function=<function copy2 at 0x000002024F923880>)
Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command. Return the file or directory's
destination.
If dst is an existing directory or a symlink to a directory, then src is
moved inside that directory. The destination path in that directory must
not already exist.
If dst already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten
depending on os.rename() semantics.
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. Symlinks are
recreated under the new name if os.rename() fails because of cross
filesystem renames.
The optional `copy_function` argument is a callable that will be used
to copy the source or it will be delegated to `copytree`.
By default, copy2() is used, but any function that supports the same
signature (like copy()) can be used.
A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
the issues this implementation glosses over.
register_archive_format(name, function, extra_args=None, description='')
Registers an archive format.
name is the name of the format. function is the callable that will be
used to create archives. If provided, extra_args is a sequence of
(name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
by the get_archive_formats() function.
register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function, extra_args=None, description='')
Registers an unpack format.
`name` is the name of the format. `extensions` is a list of extensions
corresponding to the format.
`function` is the callable that will be
used to unpack archives. The callable will receive archives to unpack.
If it's unable to handle an archive, it needs to raise a ReadError
exception.
If provided, `extra_args` is a sequence of
(name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
by the get_unpack_formats() function.
rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None, *, onexc=None, dir_fd=None)
Recursively delete a directory tree.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory;
path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onexc or
onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
path, exc_info) where func is platform and implementation dependent;
path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
the value of exc_info describes the exception. For onexc it is the
exception instance, and for onerror it is a tuple as returned by
sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors is false and both onexc and
onerror are None, the exception is reraised.
onerror is deprecated and only remains for backwards compatibility.
If both onerror and onexc are set, onerror is ignored and onexc is used.
unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None, *, filter=None)
Unpack an archive.
`filename` is the name of the archive.
`extract_dir` is the name of the target directory, where the archive
is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.
`format` is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar",
or "xztar". Or any other registered format. If not provided,
unpack_archive will use the filename extension and see if an unpacker
was registered for that extension.
In case none is found, a ValueError is raised.
If `filter` is given, it is passed to the underlying
extraction function.
unregister_archive_format(name)
unregister_unpack_format(name)
Removes the pack format from the registry.
which(cmd, mode=1, path=None)
Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
file.
`mode` defaults to os.F_OK | os.X_OK. `path` defaults to the result
of os.environ.get("PATH"), or can be overridden with a custom search
path.
DATA
__all__ = ['copyfileobj', 'copyfile', 'copymode', 'copystat', 'copy', ...
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\shutil.py
webbrowser.subprocess
Python Library Documentation: module subprocess
NAME
subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/subprocess.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their
input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes.
For a complete description of this module see the Python documentation.
Main API
========
run(...): Runs a command, waits for it to complete, then returns a
CompletedProcess instance.
Popen(...): A class for flexibly executing a command in a new process
Constants
---------
DEVNULL: Special value that indicates that os.devnull should be used
PIPE: Special value that indicates a pipe should be created
STDOUT: Special value that indicates that stderr should go to stdout
Older API
=========
call(...): Runs a command, waits for it to complete, then returns
the return code.
check_call(...): Same as call() but raises CalledProcessError()
if return code is not 0
check_output(...): Same as check_call() but returns the contents of
stdout instead of a return code
getoutput(...): Runs a command in the shell, waits for it to complete,
then returns the output
getstatusoutput(...): Runs a command in the shell, waits for it to complete,
then returns a (exitcode, output) tuple
CLASSES
builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
SubprocessError
CalledProcessError
TimeoutExpired
builtins.object
CompletedProcess
Popen
STARTUPINFO
class CalledProcessError(SubprocessError)
| CalledProcessError(returncode, cmd, output=None, stderr=None)
|
| Raised when run() is called with check=True and the process
| returns a non-zero exit status.
|
| Attributes:
| cmd, returncode, stdout, stderr, output
|
| Method resolution order:
| CalledProcessError
| SubprocessError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, returncode, cmd, output=None, stderr=None)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| stdout
| Alias for output attribute, to match stderr
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SubprocessError:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class CompletedProcess(builtins.object)
| CompletedProcess(args, returncode, stdout=None, stderr=None)
|
| A process that has finished running.
|
| This is returned by run().
|
| Attributes:
| args: The list or str args passed to run().
| returncode: The exit code of the process, negative for signals.
| stdout: The standard output (None if not captured).
| stderr: The standard error (None if not captured).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, args, returncode, stdout=None, stderr=None)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| check_returncode(self)
| Raise CalledProcessError if the exit code is non-zero.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__ = GenericAlias(...)
| Represent a PEP 585 generic type
|
| E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class Popen(builtins.object)
| Popen(args, bufsize=-1, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=None, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0, restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=(), *, user=None, group=None, extra_groups=None, encoding=None, errors=None, text=None, umask=-1, pipesize=-1, process_group=None)
|
| Execute a child program in a new process.
|
| For a complete description of the arguments see the Python documentation.
|
| Arguments:
| args: A string, or a sequence of program arguments.
|
| bufsize: supplied as the buffering argument to the open() function when
| creating the stdin/stdout/stderr pipe file objects
|
| executable: A replacement program to execute.
|
| stdin, stdout and stderr: These specify the executed programs' standard
| input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively.
|
| preexec_fn: (POSIX only) An object to be called in the child process
| just before the child is executed.
|
| close_fds: Controls closing or inheriting of file descriptors.
|
| shell: If true, the command will be executed through the shell.
|
| cwd: Sets the current directory before the child is executed.
|
| env: Defines the environment variables for the new process.
|
| text: If true, decode stdin, stdout and stderr using the given encoding
| (if set) or the system default otherwise.
|
| universal_newlines: Alias of text, provided for backwards compatibility.
|
| startupinfo and creationflags (Windows only)
|
| restore_signals (POSIX only)
|
| start_new_session (POSIX only)
|
| process_group (POSIX only)
|
| group (POSIX only)
|
| extra_groups (POSIX only)
|
| user (POSIX only)
|
| umask (POSIX only)
|
| pass_fds (POSIX only)
|
| encoding and errors: Text mode encoding and error handling to use for
| file objects stdin, stdout and stderr.
|
| Attributes:
| stdin, stdout, stderr, pid, returncode
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __del__(self, _maxsize=9223372036854775807, _warn=<built-in function warn>)
|
| __enter__(self)
|
| __exit__(self, exc_type, value, traceback)
|
| __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=None, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0, restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=(), *, user=None, group=None, extra_groups=None, encoding=None, errors=None, text=None, umask=-1, pipesize=-1, process_group=None)
| Create new Popen instance.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| communicate(self, input=None, timeout=None)
| Interact with process: Send data to stdin and close it.
| Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is
| reached. Wait for process to terminate.
|
| The optional "input" argument should be data to be sent to the
| child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child.
| communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).
|
| By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any
| "input" should be bytes, and the (stdout, stderr) will be bytes.
| If in text mode (indicated by self.text_mode), any "input" should
| be a string, and (stdout, stderr) will be strings decoded
| according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode
| is triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or
| universal_newlines.
|
| kill = terminate(self)
|
| poll(self)
| Check if child process has terminated. Set and return returncode
| attribute.
|
| send_signal(self, sig)
| Send a signal to the process.
|
| terminate(self)
| Terminates the process.
|
| wait(self, timeout=None)
| Wait for child process to terminate; returns self.returncode.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__ = GenericAlias(...)
| Represent a PEP 585 generic type
|
| E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| universal_newlines
class STARTUPINFO(builtins.object)
| STARTUPINFO(*, dwFlags=0, hStdInput=None, hStdOutput=None, hStdError=None, wShowWindow=0, lpAttributeList=None)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, *, dwFlags=0, hStdInput=None, hStdOutput=None, hStdError=None, wShowWindow=0, lpAttributeList=None)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| copy(self)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class SubprocessError(builtins.Exception)
| # Exception classes used by this module.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SubprocessError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TimeoutExpired(SubprocessError)
| TimeoutExpired(cmd, timeout, output=None, stderr=None)
|
| This exception is raised when the timeout expires while waiting for a
| child process.
|
| Attributes:
| cmd, output, stdout, stderr, timeout
|
| Method resolution order:
| TimeoutExpired
| SubprocessError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, cmd, timeout, output=None, stderr=None)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| stdout
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SubprocessError:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
FUNCTIONS
call(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete or
timeout, then return the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If
the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the
return code in the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the call function. Example:
check_call(["ls", "-l"])
check_output(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments and return its output.
If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The
CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
attribute and output in the output attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 2007 /dev/null\n'
The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally.
To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT.
>>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c",
... "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"],
... stderr=STDOUT)
b'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n'
There is an additional optional argument, "input", allowing you to
pass a string to the subprocess's stdin. If you use this argument
you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
it too will be used internally. Example:
>>> check_output(["sed", "-e", "s/foo/bar/"],
... input=b"when in the course of fooman events\n")
b'when in the course of barman events\n'
By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any "input"
should be bytes, and the return value will be bytes. If in text mode,
any "input" should be a string, and the return value will be a string
decoded according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode
is triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or universal_newlines.
getoutput(cmd, *, encoding=None, errors=None)
Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell.
Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return
value is a string containing the command's output. Example:
>>> import subprocess
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'
getstatusoutput(cmd, *, encoding=None, errors=None)
Return (exitcode, output) of executing cmd in a shell.
Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with 'check_output' and
return a 2-tuple (status, output). The locale encoding is used
to decode the output and process newlines.
A trailing newline is stripped from the output.
The exit status for the command can be interpreted
according to the rules for the function 'wait'. Example:
>>> import subprocess
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk')
(1, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk')
(127, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/kill $$')
(-15, '')
run(*popenargs, input=None, capture_output=False, timeout=None, check=False, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments and return a CompletedProcess instance.
The returned instance will have attributes args, returncode, stdout and
stderr. By default, stdout and stderr are not captured, and those attributes
will be None. Pass stdout=PIPE and/or stderr=PIPE in order to capture them,
or pass capture_output=True to capture both.
If check is True and the exit code was non-zero, it raises a
CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code
in the returncode attribute, and output & stderr attributes if those streams
were captured.
If timeout is given, and the process takes too long, a TimeoutExpired
exception will be raised.
There is an optional argument "input", allowing you to
pass bytes or a string to the subprocess's stdin. If you use this argument
you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
it will be used internally.
By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any "input" should
be bytes, and the stdout and stderr will be bytes. If in text mode, any
"input" should be a string, and stdout and stderr will be strings decoded
according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode is
triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or universal_newlines.
The other arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.
DATA
ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = 32768
BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = 16384
CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB = 16777216
CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE = 67108864
CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE = 16
CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP = 512
CREATE_NO_WINDOW = 134217728
DETACHED_PROCESS = 8
DEVNULL = -3
HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS = 128
IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS = 64
NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = 32
PIPE = -1
REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS = 256
STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW = 1
STARTF_USESTDHANDLES = 256
STDOUT = -2
STD_ERROR_HANDLE = 4294967284
STD_INPUT_HANDLE = 4294967286
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = 4294967285
SW_HIDE = 0
__all__ = ['Popen', 'PIPE', 'STDOUT', 'call', 'check_call', 'getstatus...
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\subprocess.py
webbrowser.sys
Python Library Documentation: built-in module sys
NAME
sys
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sys.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by print()
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.
last_exc - the last uncaught exception
Only available in an interactive session after a
traceback has been printed.
last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
These three are the (deprecated) legacy representation of last_exc.
Static objects:
builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
float_info -- a named tuple with information about the float implementation.
float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
hash_info -- a named tuple with information about the hash algorithm.
hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
implementation -- Python implementation information.
int_info -- a named tuple with information about the int implementation.
maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
maxunicode -- the value of the largest Unicode code point
platform -- platform identifier
prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
thread_info -- a named tuple with information about the thread implementation.
version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
version_info -- version information as a named tuple
dllhandle -- [Windows only] integer handle of the Python DLL
winver -- [Windows only] version number of the Python DLL
_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding -- [Windows only]
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!
Functions:
displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in builtins._
excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exception() -- return the current thread's active exception
exc_info() -- return information about the current thread's active exception
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function
SUBMODULES
monitoring
FUNCTIONS
__breakpointhook__ = breakpointhook(...)
breakpointhook(*args, **kws)
This hook function is called by built-in breakpoint().
__displayhook__ = displayhook(object, /)
Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._
__excepthook__ = excepthook(exctype, value, traceback, /)
Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.
__unraisablehook__ = unraisablehook(unraisable, /)
Handle an unraisable exception.
The unraisable argument has the following attributes:
* exc_type: Exception type.
* exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
* exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
* err_msg: Error message, can be None.
* object: Object causing the exception, can be None.
activate_stack_trampoline(backend, /)
Activate stack profiler trampoline *backend*.
addaudithook(hook)
Adds a new audit hook callback.
audit(...)
audit(event, *args)
Passes the event to any audit hooks that are attached.
breakpointhook(...)
breakpointhook(*args, **kws)
This hook function is called by built-in breakpoint().
call_tracing(func, args, /)
Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled.
The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended
to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug
some other code.
deactivate_stack_trampoline()
Deactivate the current stack profiler trampoline backend.
If no stack profiler is activated, this function has no effect.
displayhook(object, /)
Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._
exc_info()
Return current exception information: (type, value, traceback).
Return information about the most recent exception caught by an except
clause in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame.
excepthook(exctype, value, traceback, /)
Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.
exception()
Return the current exception.
Return the most recent exception caught by an except clause
in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame, or None
if no such exception exists.
exit(status=None, /)
Exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit(status).
If the status is omitted or None, it defaults to zero (i.e., success).
If the status is an integer, it will be used as the system exit status.
If it is another kind of object, it will be printed and the system
exit status will be one (i.e., failure).
get_asyncgen_hooks()
Return the installed asynchronous generators hooks.
This returns a namedtuple of the form (firstiter, finalizer).
get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
Check status of origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.
get_int_max_str_digits()
Return the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.
getallocatedblocks()
Return the number of memory blocks currently allocated.
getdefaultencoding()
Return the current default encoding used by the Unicode implementation.
getfilesystemencodeerrors()
Return the error mode used Unicode to OS filename conversion.
getfilesystemencoding()
Return the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames to OS filenames.
getprofile()
Return the profiling function set with sys.setprofile.
See the profiler chapter in the library manual.
getrecursionlimit()
Return the current value of the recursion limit.
The recursion limit is the maximum depth of the Python interpreter
stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow
of the C stack and crashing Python.
getrefcount(object, /)
Return the reference count of object.
The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect,
because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to
getrefcount().
getsizeof(...)
getsizeof(object [, default]) -> int
Return the size of object in bytes.
getswitchinterval()
Return the current thread switch interval; see sys.setswitchinterval().
gettrace()
Return the global debug tracing function set with sys.settrace.
See the debugger chapter in the library manual.
getunicodeinternedsize()
Return the number of elements of the unicode interned dictionary
getwindowsversion()
Return info about the running version of Windows as a named tuple.
The members are named: major, minor, build, platform, service_pack,
service_pack_major, service_pack_minor, suite_mask, product_type and
platform_version. For backward compatibility, only the first 5 items
are available by indexing. All elements are numbers, except
service_pack and platform_type which are strings, and platform_version
which is a 3-tuple. Platform is always 2. Product_type may be 1 for a
workstation, 2 for a domain controller, 3 for a server.
Platform_version is a 3-tuple containing a version number that is
intended for identifying the OS rather than feature detection.
intern(string, /)
``Intern'' the given string.
This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose
purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or
the previously interned string object with the same value.
is_finalizing()
Return True if Python is exiting.
is_stack_trampoline_active()
Return *True* if a stack profiler trampoline is active.
set_asyncgen_hooks(...)
set_asyncgen_hooks([firstiter] [, finalizer])
Set a finalizer for async generators objects.
set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(depth)
Enable or disable origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.
Coroutine objects will track 'depth' frames of traceback information
about where they came from, available in their cr_origin attribute.
Set a depth of 0 to disable.
set_int_max_str_digits(maxdigits)
Set the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.
setprofile(...)
setprofile(function)
Set the profiling function. It will be called on each function call
and return. See the profiler chapter in the library manual.
setrecursionlimit(limit, /)
Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to n.
This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C
stack and crashing Python. The highest possible limit is platform-
dependent.
setswitchinterval(interval, /)
Set the ideal thread switching delay inside the Python interpreter.
The actual frequency of switching threads can be lower if the
interpreter executes long sequences of uninterruptible code
(this is implementation-specific and workload-dependent).
The parameter must represent the desired switching delay in seconds
A typical value is 0.005 (5 milliseconds).
settrace(...)
settrace(function)
Set the global debug tracing function. It will be called on each
function call. See the debugger chapter in the library manual.
unraisablehook(unraisable, /)
Handle an unraisable exception.
The unraisable argument has the following attributes:
* exc_type: Exception type.
* exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
* exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
* err_msg: Error message, can be None.
* object: Object causing the exception, can be None.
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FILE
(built-in)
webbrowser.threading
Python Library Documentation: module threading
NAME
threading - Thread module emulating a subset of Java's threading model.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/threading.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
CLASSES
builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
builtins.RuntimeError
BrokenBarrierError
builtins.object
_thread._local
Barrier
Condition
Event
Semaphore
BoundedSemaphore
Thread
Timer
builtins.tuple(builtins.object)
_thread._ExceptHookArgs
class Barrier(builtins.object)
| Barrier(parties, action=None, timeout=None)
|
| Implements a Barrier.
|
| Useful for synchronizing a fixed number of threads at known synchronization
| points. Threads block on 'wait()' and are simultaneously awoken once they
| have all made that call.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, parties, action=None, timeout=None)
| Create a barrier, initialised to 'parties' threads.
|
| 'action' is a callable which, when supplied, will be called by one of
| the threads after they have all entered the barrier and just prior to
| releasing them all. If a 'timeout' is provided, it is used as the
| default for all subsequent 'wait()' calls.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| abort(self)
| Place the barrier into a 'broken' state.
|
| Useful in case of error. Any currently waiting threads and threads
| attempting to 'wait()' will have BrokenBarrierError raised.
|
| reset(self)
| Reset the barrier to the initial state.
|
| Any threads currently waiting will get the BrokenBarrier exception
| raised.
|
| wait(self, timeout=None)
| Wait for the barrier.
|
| When the specified number of threads have started waiting, they are all
| simultaneously awoken. If an 'action' was provided for the barrier, one
| of the threads will have executed that callback prior to returning.
| Returns an individual index number from 0 to 'parties-1'.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Readonly properties defined here:
|
| broken
| Return True if the barrier is in a broken state.
|
| n_waiting
| Return the number of threads currently waiting at the barrier.
|
| parties
| Return the number of threads required to trip the barrier.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class BoundedSemaphore(Semaphore)
| BoundedSemaphore(value=1)
|
| Implements a bounded semaphore.
|
| A bounded semaphore checks to make sure its current value doesn't exceed its
| initial value. If it does, ValueError is raised. In most situations
| semaphores are used to guard resources with limited capacity.
|
| If the semaphore is released too many times it's a sign of a bug. If not
| given, value defaults to 1.
|
| Like regular semaphores, bounded semaphores manage a counter representing
| the number of release() calls minus the number of acquire() calls, plus an
| initial value. The acquire() method blocks if necessary until it can return
| without making the counter negative. If not given, value defaults to 1.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BoundedSemaphore
| Semaphore
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, value=1)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| release(self, n=1)
| Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by one or more.
|
| When the counter is zero on entry and another thread is waiting for it
| to become larger than zero again, wake up that thread.
|
| If the number of releases exceeds the number of acquires,
| raise a ValueError.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Semaphore:
|
| __enter__ = acquire(self, blocking=True, timeout=None)
|
| __exit__(self, t, v, tb)
|
| acquire(self, blocking=True, timeout=None)
| Acquire a semaphore, decrementing the internal counter by one.
|
| When invoked without arguments: if the internal counter is larger than
| zero on entry, decrement it by one and return immediately. If it is zero
| on entry, block, waiting until some other thread has called release() to
| make it larger than zero. This is done with proper interlocking so that
| if multiple acquire() calls are blocked, release() will wake exactly one
| of them up. The implementation may pick one at random, so the order in
| which blocked threads are awakened should not be relied on. There is no
| return value in this case.
|
| When invoked with blocking set to true, do the same thing as when called
| without arguments, and return true.
|
| When invoked with blocking set to false, do not block. If a call without
| an argument would block, return false immediately; otherwise, do the
| same thing as when called without arguments, and return true.
|
| When invoked with a timeout other than None, it will block for at
| most timeout seconds. If acquire does not complete successfully in
| that interval, return false. Return true otherwise.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from Semaphore:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class BrokenBarrierError(builtins.RuntimeError)
| # exception raised by the Barrier class
|
| Method resolution order:
| BrokenBarrierError
| builtins.RuntimeError
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.RuntimeError:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.RuntimeError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.RuntimeError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Condition(builtins.object)
| Condition(lock=None)
|
| Class that implements a condition variable.
|
| A condition variable allows one or more threads to wait until they are
| notified by another thread.
|
| If the lock argument is given and not None, it must be a Lock or RLock
| object, and it is used as the underlying lock. Otherwise, a new RLock object
| is created and used as the underlying lock.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __enter__(self)
|
| __exit__(self, *args)
|
| __init__(self, lock=None)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| notify(self, n=1)
| Wake up one or more threads waiting on this condition, if any.
|
| If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is
| called, a RuntimeError is raised.
|
| This method wakes up at most n of the threads waiting for the condition
| variable; it is a no-op if no threads are waiting.
|
| notifyAll(self)
| Wake up all threads waiting on this condition.
|
| This method is deprecated, use notify_all() instead.
|
| notify_all(self)
| Wake up all threads waiting on this condition.
|
| If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method
| is called, a RuntimeError is raised.
|
| wait(self, timeout=None)
| Wait until notified or until a timeout occurs.
|
| If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is
| called, a RuntimeError is raised.
|
| This method releases the underlying lock, and then blocks until it is
| awakened by a notify() or notify_all() call for the same condition
| variable in another thread, or until the optional timeout occurs. Once
| awakened or timed out, it re-acquires the lock and returns.
|
| When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a
| floating-point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
| (or fractions thereof).
|
| When the underlying lock is an RLock, it is not released using its
| release() method, since this may not actually unlock the lock when it
| was acquired multiple times recursively. Instead, an internal interface
| of the RLock class is used, which really unlocks it even when it has
| been recursively acquired several times. Another internal interface is
| then used to restore the recursion level when the lock is reacquired.
|
| wait_for(self, predicate, timeout=None)
| Wait until a condition evaluates to True.
|
| predicate should be a callable which result will be interpreted as a
| boolean value. A timeout may be provided giving the maximum time to
| wait.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class Event(builtins.object)
| Class implementing event objects.
|
| Events manage a flag that can be set to true with the set() method and reset
| to false with the clear() method. The wait() method blocks until the flag is
| true. The flag is initially false.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| clear(self)
| Reset the internal flag to false.
|
| Subsequently, threads calling wait() will block until set() is called to
| set the internal flag to true again.
|
| isSet(self)
| Return true if and only if the internal flag is true.
|
| This method is deprecated, use is_set() instead.
|
| is_set(self)
| Return true if and only if the internal flag is true.
|
| set(self)
| Set the internal flag to true.
|
| All threads waiting for it to become true are awakened. Threads
| that call wait() once the flag is true will not block at all.
|
| wait(self, timeout=None)
| Block until the internal flag is true.
|
| If the internal flag is true on entry, return immediately. Otherwise,
| block until another thread calls set() to set the flag to true, or until
| the optional timeout occurs.
|
| When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a
| floating-point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
| (or fractions thereof).
|
| This method returns the internal flag on exit, so it will always return
| True except if a timeout is given and the operation times out.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
ExceptHookArgs = class _ExceptHookArgs(builtins.tuple)
| ExceptHookArgs(iterable=(), /)
|
| ExceptHookArgs
|
| Type used to pass arguments to threading.excepthook.
|
| Method resolution order:
| _ExceptHookArgs
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| exc_traceback
| Exception traceback
|
| exc_type
| Exception type
|
| exc_value
| Exception value
|
| thread
| Thread
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('exc_type', 'exc_value', 'exc_traceback', 'thread')
|
| n_fields = 4
|
| n_sequence_fields = 4
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
class Semaphore(builtins.object)
| Semaphore(value=1)
|
| This class implements semaphore objects.
|
| Semaphores manage a counter representing the number of release() calls minus
| the number of acquire() calls, plus an initial value. The acquire() method
| blocks if necessary until it can return without making the counter
| negative. If not given, value defaults to 1.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __enter__ = acquire(self, blocking=True, timeout=None)
|
| __exit__(self, t, v, tb)
|
| __init__(self, value=1)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| acquire(self, blocking=True, timeout=None)
| Acquire a semaphore, decrementing the internal counter by one.
|
| When invoked without arguments: if the internal counter is larger than
| zero on entry, decrement it by one and return immediately. If it is zero
| on entry, block, waiting until some other thread has called release() to
| make it larger than zero. This is done with proper interlocking so that
| if multiple acquire() calls are blocked, release() will wake exactly one
| of them up. The implementation may pick one at random, so the order in
| which blocked threads are awakened should not be relied on. There is no
| return value in this case.
|
| When invoked with blocking set to true, do the same thing as when called
| without arguments, and return true.
|
| When invoked with blocking set to false, do not block. If a call without
| an argument would block, return false immediately; otherwise, do the
| same thing as when called without arguments, and return true.
|
| When invoked with a timeout other than None, it will block for at
| most timeout seconds. If acquire does not complete successfully in
| that interval, return false. Return true otherwise.
|
| release(self, n=1)
| Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by one or more.
|
| When the counter is zero on entry and another thread is waiting for it
| to become larger than zero again, wake up that thread.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
class Thread(builtins.object)
| Thread(group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs=None, *, daemon=None)
|
| A class that represents a thread of control.
|
| This class can be safely subclassed in a limited fashion. There are two ways
| to specify the activity: by passing a callable object to the constructor, or
| by overriding the run() method in a subclass.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs=None, *, daemon=None)
| This constructor should always be called with keyword arguments. Arguments are:
|
| *group* should be None; reserved for future extension when a ThreadGroup
| class is implemented.
|
| *target* is the callable object to be invoked by the run()
| method. Defaults to None, meaning nothing is called.
|
| *name* is the thread name. By default, a unique name is constructed of
| the form "Thread-N" where N is a small decimal number.
|
| *args* is a list or tuple of arguments for the target invocation. Defaults to ().
|
| *kwargs* is a dictionary of keyword arguments for the target
| invocation. Defaults to {}.
|
| If a subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure to invoke
| the base class constructor (Thread.__init__()) before doing anything
| else to the thread.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| getName(self)
| Return a string used for identification purposes only.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the name attribute instead.
|
| isDaemon(self)
| Return whether this thread is a daemon.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the daemon attribute instead.
|
| is_alive(self)
| Return whether the thread is alive.
|
| This method returns True just before the run() method starts until just
| after the run() method terminates. See also the module function
| enumerate().
|
| join(self, timeout=None)
| Wait until the thread terminates.
|
| This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is
| called terminates -- either normally or through an unhandled exception
| or until the optional timeout occurs.
|
| When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a
| floating-point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
| (or fractions thereof). As join() always returns None, you must call
| is_alive() after join() to decide whether a timeout happened -- if the
| thread is still alive, the join() call timed out.
|
| When the timeout argument is not present or None, the operation will
| block until the thread terminates.
|
| A thread can be join()ed many times.
|
| join() raises a RuntimeError if an attempt is made to join the current
| thread as that would cause a deadlock. It is also an error to join() a
| thread before it has been started and attempts to do so raises the same
| exception.
|
| run(self)
| Method representing the thread's activity.
|
| You may override this method in a subclass. The standard run() method
| invokes the callable object passed to the object's constructor as the
| target argument, if any, with sequential and keyword arguments taken
| from the args and kwargs arguments, respectively.
|
| setDaemon(self, daemonic)
| Set whether this thread is a daemon.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the .daemon property instead.
|
| setName(self, name)
| Set the name string for this thread.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the name attribute instead.
|
| start(self)
| Start the thread's activity.
|
| It must be called at most once per thread object. It arranges for the
| object's run() method to be invoked in a separate thread of control.
|
| This method will raise a RuntimeError if called more than once on the
| same thread object.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Readonly properties defined here:
|
| ident
| Thread identifier of this thread or None if it has not been started.
|
| This is a nonzero integer. See the get_ident() function. Thread
| identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is
| created. The identifier is available even after the thread has exited.
|
| native_id
| Native integral thread ID of this thread, or None if it has not been started.
|
| This is a non-negative integer. See the get_native_id() function.
| This represents the Thread ID as reported by the kernel.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| daemon
| A boolean value indicating whether this thread is a daemon thread.
|
| This must be set before start() is called, otherwise RuntimeError is
| raised. Its initial value is inherited from the creating thread; the
| main thread is not a daemon thread and therefore all threads created in
| the main thread default to daemon = False.
|
| The entire Python program exits when only daemon threads are left.
|
| name
| A string used for identification purposes only.
|
| It has no semantics. Multiple threads may be given the same name. The
| initial name is set by the constructor.
ThreadError = class RuntimeError(Exception)
| Unspecified run-time error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| NotImplementedError
| RecursionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Timer(Thread)
| Timer(interval, function, args=None, kwargs=None)
|
| Call a function after a specified number of seconds:
|
| t = Timer(30.0, f, args=None, kwargs=None)
| t.start()
| t.cancel() # stop the timer's action if it's still waiting
|
| Method resolution order:
| Timer
| Thread
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, interval, function, args=None, kwargs=None)
| This constructor should always be called with keyword arguments. Arguments are:
|
| *group* should be None; reserved for future extension when a ThreadGroup
| class is implemented.
|
| *target* is the callable object to be invoked by the run()
| method. Defaults to None, meaning nothing is called.
|
| *name* is the thread name. By default, a unique name is constructed of
| the form "Thread-N" where N is a small decimal number.
|
| *args* is a list or tuple of arguments for the target invocation. Defaults to ().
|
| *kwargs* is a dictionary of keyword arguments for the target
| invocation. Defaults to {}.
|
| If a subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure to invoke
| the base class constructor (Thread.__init__()) before doing anything
| else to the thread.
|
| cancel(self)
| Stop the timer if it hasn't finished yet.
|
| run(self)
| Method representing the thread's activity.
|
| You may override this method in a subclass. The standard run() method
| invokes the callable object passed to the object's constructor as the
| target argument, if any, with sequential and keyword arguments taken
| from the args and kwargs arguments, respectively.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Thread:
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| getName(self)
| Return a string used for identification purposes only.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the name attribute instead.
|
| isDaemon(self)
| Return whether this thread is a daemon.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the daemon attribute instead.
|
| is_alive(self)
| Return whether the thread is alive.
|
| This method returns True just before the run() method starts until just
| after the run() method terminates. See also the module function
| enumerate().
|
| join(self, timeout=None)
| Wait until the thread terminates.
|
| This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is
| called terminates -- either normally or through an unhandled exception
| or until the optional timeout occurs.
|
| When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a
| floating-point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
| (or fractions thereof). As join() always returns None, you must call
| is_alive() after join() to decide whether a timeout happened -- if the
| thread is still alive, the join() call timed out.
|
| When the timeout argument is not present or None, the operation will
| block until the thread terminates.
|
| A thread can be join()ed many times.
|
| join() raises a RuntimeError if an attempt is made to join the current
| thread as that would cause a deadlock. It is also an error to join() a
| thread before it has been started and attempts to do so raises the same
| exception.
|
| setDaemon(self, daemonic)
| Set whether this thread is a daemon.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the .daemon property instead.
|
| setName(self, name)
| Set the name string for this thread.
|
| This method is deprecated, use the name attribute instead.
|
| start(self)
| Start the thread's activity.
|
| It must be called at most once per thread object. It arranges for the
| object's run() method to be invoked in a separate thread of control.
|
| This method will raise a RuntimeError if called more than once on the
| same thread object.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Readonly properties inherited from Thread:
|
| ident
| Thread identifier of this thread or None if it has not been started.
|
| This is a nonzero integer. See the get_ident() function. Thread
| identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is
| created. The identifier is available even after the thread has exited.
|
| native_id
| Native integral thread ID of this thread, or None if it has not been started.
|
| This is a non-negative integer. See the get_native_id() function.
| This represents the Thread ID as reported by the kernel.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from Thread:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| daemon
| A boolean value indicating whether this thread is a daemon thread.
|
| This must be set before start() is called, otherwise RuntimeError is
| raised. Its initial value is inherited from the creating thread; the
| main thread is not a daemon thread and therefore all threads created in
| the main thread default to daemon = False.
|
| The entire Python program exits when only daemon threads are left.
|
| name
| A string used for identification purposes only.
|
| It has no semantics. Multiple threads may be given the same name. The
| initial name is set by the constructor.
local = class _local(builtins.object)
| Thread-local data
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
FUNCTIONS
Lock = allocate_lock(...)
allocate_lock() -> lock object
(allocate() is an obsolete synonym)
Create a new lock object. See help(type(threading.Lock())) for
information about locks.
RLock(*args, **kwargs)
Factory function that returns a new reentrant lock.
A reentrant lock must be released by the thread that acquired it. Once a
thread has acquired a reentrant lock, the same thread may acquire it again
without blocking; the thread must release it once for each time it has
acquired it.
__excepthook__ = _excepthook(...)
excepthook(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, thread)
Handle uncaught Thread.run() exception.
active_count()
Return the number of Thread objects currently alive.
The returned count is equal to the length of the list returned by
enumerate().
current_thread()
Return the current Thread object, corresponding to the caller's thread of control.
If the caller's thread of control was not created through the threading
module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is returned.
enumerate()
Return a list of all Thread objects currently alive.
The list includes daemonic threads, dummy thread objects created by
current_thread(), and the main thread. It excludes terminated threads and
threads that have not yet been started.
excepthook = _excepthook(...)
excepthook(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, thread)
Handle uncaught Thread.run() exception.
get_ident(...)
get_ident() -> integer
Return a non-zero integer that uniquely identifies the current thread
amongst other threads that exist simultaneously.
This may be used to identify per-thread resources.
Even though on some platforms threads identities may appear to be
allocated consecutive numbers starting at 1, this behavior should not
be relied upon, and the number should be seen purely as a magic cookie.
A thread's identity may be reused for another thread after it exits.
get_native_id(...)
get_native_id() -> integer
Return a non-negative integer identifying the thread as reported
by the OS (kernel). This may be used to uniquely identify a
particular thread within a system.
getprofile()
Get the profiler function as set by threading.setprofile().
gettrace()
Get the trace function as set by threading.settrace().
main_thread()
Return the main thread object.
In normal conditions, the main thread is the thread from which the
Python interpreter was started.
setprofile(func)
Set a profile function for all threads started from the threading module.
The func will be passed to sys.setprofile() for each thread, before its
run() method is called.
setprofile_all_threads(func)
Set a profile function for all threads started from the threading module
and all Python threads that are currently executing.
The func will be passed to sys.setprofile() for each thread, before its
run() method is called.
settrace(func)
Set a trace function for all threads started from the threading module.
The func will be passed to sys.settrace() for each thread, before its run()
method is called.
settrace_all_threads(func)
Set a trace function for all threads started from the threading module
and all Python threads that are currently executing.
The func will be passed to sys.settrace() for each thread, before its run()
method is called.
stack_size(...)
stack_size([size]) -> size
Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. The
optional size argument specifies the stack size (in bytes) to be used
for subsequently created threads, and must be 0 (use platform or
configured default) or a positive integer value of at least 32,768 (32k).
If changing the thread stack size is unsupported, a ThreadError
exception is raised. If the specified size is invalid, a ValueError
exception is raised, and the stack size is unmodified. 32k bytes
currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee
sufficient stack space for the interpreter itself.
Note that some platforms may have particular restrictions on values for
the stack size, such as requiring a minimum stack size larger than 32 KiB or
requiring allocation in multiples of the system memory page size
- platform documentation should be referred to for more information
(4 KiB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is
the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information).
DATA
TIMEOUT_MAX = 4294967.0
__all__ = ['get_ident', 'active_count', 'Condition', 'current_thread',...
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\threading.py
webbrowser.warnings
Python Library Documentation: module warnings
NAME
warnings - Python part of the warnings subsystem.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/warnings.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
CLASSES
builtins.object
catch_warnings
class catch_warnings(builtins.object)
| catch_warnings(*, record=False, module=None, action=None, category=<class 'Warning'>, lineno=0, append=False)
|
| A context manager that copies and restores the warnings filter upon
| exiting the context.
|
| The 'record' argument specifies whether warnings should be captured by a
| custom implementation of warnings.showwarning() and be appended to a list
| returned by the context manager. Otherwise None is returned by the context
| manager. The objects appended to the list are arguments whose attributes
| mirror the arguments to showwarning().
|
| The 'module' argument is to specify an alternative module to the module
| named 'warnings' and imported under that name. This argument is only useful
| when testing the warnings module itself.
|
| If the 'action' argument is not None, the remaining arguments are passed
| to warnings.simplefilter() as if it were called immediately on entering the
| context.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __enter__(self)
|
| __exit__(self, *exc_info)
|
| __init__(self, *, record=False, module=None, action=None, category=<class 'Warning'>, lineno=0, append=False)
| Specify whether to record warnings and if an alternative module
| should be used other than sys.modules['warnings'].
|
| For compatibility with Python 3.0, please consider all arguments to be
| keyword-only.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
FUNCTIONS
filterwarnings(action, message='', category=<class 'Warning'>, module='', lineno=0, append=False)
Insert an entry into the list of warnings filters (at the front).
'action' -- one of "error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
or "once"
'message' -- a regex that the warning message must match
'category' -- a class that the warning must be a subclass of
'module' -- a regex that the module name must match
'lineno' -- an integer line number, 0 matches all warnings
'append' -- if true, append to the list of filters
formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line=None)
Function to format a warning the standard way.
resetwarnings()
Clear the list of warning filters, so that no filters are active.
showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None)
Hook to write a warning to a file; replace if you like.
simplefilter(action, category=<class 'Warning'>, lineno=0, append=False)
Insert a simple entry into the list of warnings filters (at the front).
A simple filter matches all modules and messages.
'action' -- one of "error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
or "once"
'category' -- a class that the warning must be a subclass of
'lineno' -- an integer line number, 0 matches all warnings
'append' -- if true, append to the list of filters
warn(...)
Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception.
message
Text of the warning message.
category
The Warning category subclass. Defaults to UserWarning.
stacklevel
How far up the call stack to make this warning appear. A value of 2 for
example attributes the warning to the caller of the code calling warn().
source
If supplied, the destroyed object which emitted a ResourceWarning
skip_file_prefixes
An optional tuple of module filename prefixes indicating frames to skip
during stacklevel computations for stack frame attribution.
warn_explicit(...)
Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception.
DATA
__all__ = ['warn', 'warn_explicit', 'showwarning', 'formatwarning', 'f...
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\warnings.py