tarfile API Reference

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: class AbsoluteLinkError in module tarfile

class AbsoluteLinkError(FilterError)
 |  AbsoluteLinkError(tarinfo)
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      AbsoluteLinkError
 |      FilterError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, tarinfo)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class AbsolutePathError in module tarfile

class AbsolutePathError(FilterError)
 |  AbsolutePathError(tarinfo)
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      AbsolutePathError
 |      FilterError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, tarinfo)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: class CompressionError in module tarfile

class CompressionError(TarError)
 |  Exception for unavailable compression methods.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      CompressionError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for 'utf-8'.
Use help() to get the interactive help utility.
Use help(str) for help on the str class.

Python Library Documentation: class EOFHeaderError in module tarfile

class EOFHeaderError(HeaderError)
 |  Exception for end of file headers.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      EOFHeaderError
 |      HeaderError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class EmptyHeaderError in module tarfile

class EmptyHeaderError(HeaderError)
 |  Exception for empty headers.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      EmptyHeaderError
 |      HeaderError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class ExFileObject in module tarfile

class ExFileObject(_io.BufferedReader)
 |  ExFileObject(tarfile, tarinfo)
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      ExFileObject
 |      _io.BufferedReader
 |      _io._BufferedIOBase
 |      _io._IOBase
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from _io.BufferedReader:
 |
 |  __next__(self, /)
 |      Implement next(self).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __reduce_ex__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Size of object in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  close(self, /)
 |      Flush and close the IO object.
 |
 |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
 |
 |  detach(self, /)
 |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
 |
 |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
 |      state.
 |
 |  fileno(self, /)
 |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
 |
 |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
 |
 |  flush(self, /)
 |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
 |
 |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
 |
 |  isatty(self, /)
 |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
 |
 |      Return False if it can't be determined.
 |
 |  peek(self, size=0, /)
 |
 |  read(self, size=-1, /)
 |      Read and return up to n bytes.
 |
 |      If the size argument is omitted, None, or negative, read and
 |      return all data until EOF.
 |
 |      If the size argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
 |      not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
 |      the byte count (unless EOF is reached first).
 |      However, for interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes),
 |      at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not
 |      imply that EOF is imminent.
 |
 |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
 |
 |      Return None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
 |      mode and no data is available at the moment.
 |
 |  read1(self, size=-1, /)
 |      Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one read() call to the underlying raw stream.
 |
 |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
 |      A short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.
 |
 |  readable(self, /)
 |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
 |
 |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
 |
 |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
 |
 |  readinto1(self, buffer, /)
 |
 |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
 |      Read and return a line from the stream.
 |
 |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
 |
 |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
 |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
 |      terminator(s) recognized.
 |
 |  seek(self, target, whence=0, /)
 |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
 |
 |        offset
 |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
 |        whence
 |          The relative position to seek from.
 |
 |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
 |      Values for whence are:
 |
 |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
 |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
 |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
 |
 |      Return the new absolute position.
 |
 |  seekable(self, /)
 |      Return whether object supports random access.
 |
 |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
 |      This method may need to do a test seek().
 |
 |  tell(self, /)
 |      Return current stream position.
 |
 |  truncate(self, pos=None, /)
 |      Truncate file to size bytes.
 |
 |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
 |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from _io.BufferedReader:
 |
 |  closed
 |
 |  mode
 |
 |  name
 |
 |  raw
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from _io._BufferedIOBase:
 |
 |  write(self, b, /)
 |      Write buffer b to the IO stream.
 |
 |      Return the number of bytes written, which is always
 |      the length of b in bytes.
 |
 |      Raise BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
 |      underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
 |
 |  __del__(...)
 |
 |  __enter__(...)
 |
 |  __exit__(...)
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
 |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
 |
 |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
 |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
 |      lines so far exceeds hint.
 |
 |  writable(self, /)
 |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
 |
 |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
 |
 |  writelines(self, lines, /)
 |      Write a list of lines to stream.
 |
 |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
 |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._IOBase:
 |
 |  __dict__

Python Library Documentation: class ExtractError in module tarfile

class ExtractError(TarError)
 |  General exception for extract errors.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      ExtractError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: class FilterError in module tarfile

class FilterError(TarError)
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      FilterError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: tuple object

class tuple(object)
 |  tuple(iterable=(), /)
 |
 |  Built-in immutable sequence.
 |
 |  If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
 |  If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
 |
 |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      asyncgen_hooks
 |      UnraisableHookArgs
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  count(self, value, /)
 |      Return number of occurrences of value.
 |
 |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
 |      Return first index of value.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: class HeaderError in module tarfile

class HeaderError(TarError)
 |  Base exception for header errors.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      HeaderError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class InvalidHeaderError in module tarfile

class InvalidHeaderError(HeaderError)
 |  Exception for invalid headers.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      InvalidHeaderError
 |      HeaderError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: class LinkOutsideDestinationError in module tarfile

class LinkOutsideDestinationError(FilterError)
 |  LinkOutsideDestinationError(tarinfo, path)
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      LinkOutsideDestinationError
 |      FilterError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, tarinfo, path)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: class OutsideDestinationError in module tarfile

class OutsideDestinationError(FilterError)
 |  OutsideDestinationError(tarinfo, path)
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      OutsideDestinationError
 |      FilterError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, tarinfo, path)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: tuple object

class tuple(object)
 |  tuple(iterable=(), /)
 |
 |  Built-in immutable sequence.
 |
 |  If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
 |  If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
 |
 |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      asyncgen_hooks
 |      UnraisableHookArgs
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  count(self, value, /)
 |      Return number of occurrences of value.
 |
 |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
 |      Return first index of value.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: set object

class set(object)
 |  set() -> new empty set object
 |  set(iterable) -> new set object
 |
 |  Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __contains__(...)
 |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __iand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&=value.
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  __ior__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|=value.
 |
 |  __isub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-=value.
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __ixor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^=value.
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Return state information for pickling.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  add(...)
 |      Add an element to a set.
 |
 |      This has no effect if the element is already present.
 |
 |  clear(...)
 |      Remove all elements from this set.
 |
 |  copy(...)
 |      Return a shallow copy of a set.
 |
 |  difference(...)
 |      Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
 |
 |      (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
 |
 |  difference_update(...)
 |      Remove all elements of another set from this set.
 |
 |  discard(...)
 |      Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
 |
 |      Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise
 |      an exception when an element is missing from the set.
 |
 |  intersection(...)
 |      Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
 |
 |      (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
 |
 |  intersection_update(...)
 |      Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.
 |
 |  isdisjoint(...)
 |      Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
 |
 |  issubset(self, other, /)
 |      Test whether every element in the set is in other.
 |
 |  issuperset(self, other, /)
 |      Test whether every element in other is in the set.
 |
 |  pop(...)
 |      Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
 |      Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
 |
 |  remove(...)
 |      Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
 |
 |      If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
 |
 |  symmetric_difference(...)
 |      Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
 |
 |      (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
 |
 |  symmetric_difference_update(...)
 |      Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.
 |
 |  union(...)
 |      Return the union of sets as a new set.
 |
 |      (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
 |
 |  update(...)
 |      Update a set with the union of itself and others.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 |  __hash__ = None

Python Library Documentation: dict object

class dict(object)
 |  dict() -> new empty dictionary
 |  dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
 |      (key, value) pairs
 |  dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 |      d = {}
 |      for k, v in iterable:
 |          d[k] = v
 |  dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 |      in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.
 |
 |  __delitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Delete self[key].
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  __ior__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|=value.
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __reversed__(self, /)
 |      Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
 |      Set self[key] to value.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
 |
 |  clear(...)
 |      D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.
 |
 |  copy(...)
 |      D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
 |
 |  get(self, key, default=None, /)
 |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
 |
 |  items(...)
 |      D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
 |
 |  keys(...)
 |      D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
 |
 |  pop(...)
 |      D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
 |
 |      If the key is not found, return the default if given; otherwise,
 |      raise a KeyError.
 |
 |  popitem(self, /)
 |      Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.
 |
 |      Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.
 |      Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.
 |
 |  setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)
 |      Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
 |
 |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
 |
 |  update(...)
 |      D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 |      If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 |      If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
 |      In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
 |
 |  values(...)
 |      D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /)
 |      Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 |  __hash__ = None

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: tuple object

class tuple(object)
 |  tuple(iterable=(), /)
 |
 |  Built-in immutable sequence.
 |
 |  If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
 |  If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
 |
 |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      asyncgen_hooks
 |      UnraisableHookArgs
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  count(self, value, /)
 |      Return number of occurrences of value.
 |
 |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
 |      Return first index of value.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: class ReadError in module tarfile

class ReadError(TarError)
 |  Exception for unreadable tar archives.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      ReadError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: tuple object

class tuple(object)
 |  tuple(iterable=(), /)
 |
 |  Built-in immutable sequence.
 |
 |  If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
 |  If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
 |
 |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      asyncgen_hooks
 |      UnraisableHookArgs
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  count(self, value, /)
 |      Return number of occurrences of value.
 |
 |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
 |      Return first index of value.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: class SpecialFileError in module tarfile

class SpecialFileError(FilterError)
 |  SpecialFileError(tarinfo)
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      SpecialFileError
 |      FilterError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, tarinfo)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class StreamError in module tarfile

class StreamError(TarError)
 |  Exception for unsupported operations on stream-like TarFiles.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      StreamError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class SubsequentHeaderError in module tarfile

class SubsequentHeaderError(HeaderError)
 |  Exception for missing and invalid extended headers.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      SubsequentHeaderError
 |      HeaderError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class TarError in module tarfile

class TarError(builtins.Exception)
 |  Base exception.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: class TarFile in module tarfile

class TarFile(builtins.object)
 |  TarFile(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, format=None, tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None, errors='surrogateescape', pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None, copybufsize=None)
 |
 |  The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __enter__(self)
 |
 |  __exit__(self, type, value, traceback)
 |
 |  __init__(self, name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, format=None, tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None, errors='surrogateescape', pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None, copybufsize=None)
 |      Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
 |      read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
 |      file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
 |      defaults to 'r'.
 |      If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
 |      can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
 |      `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
 |
 |  __iter__(self)
 |      Provide an iterator object.
 |
 |  add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, *, filter=None)
 |      Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
 |      (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
 |      specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
 |      Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
 |      setting `recursive' to False. `filter' is a function
 |      that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
 |      TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
 |      excluded from the archive.
 |
 |  addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None)
 |      Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
 |      given, it should be a binary file, and tarinfo.size bytes are read
 |      from it and added to the archive. You can create TarInfo objects
 |      directly, or by using gettarinfo().
 |
 |  chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
 |
 |  chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath, numeric_owner)
 |      Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo. If numeric_owner
 |      is True, use .gid/.uid instead of .gname/.uname. If numeric_owner
 |      is False, fall back to .gid/.uid when the search based on name
 |      fails.
 |
 |  close(self)
 |      Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
 |      appended to the archive.
 |
 |  extract(self, member, path='', set_attrs=True, *, numeric_owner=False, filter=None)
 |      Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
 |      using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
 |      as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
 |      specify a different directory using `path'. File attributes (owner,
 |      mtime, mode) are set unless `set_attrs' is False. If `numeric_owner`
 |      is True, only the numbers for user/group names are used and not
 |      the names.
 |
 |      The `filter` function will be called before extraction.
 |      It can return a changed TarInfo or None to skip the member.
 |      String names of common filters are accepted.
 |
 |  extractall(self, path='.', members=None, *, numeric_owner=False, filter=None)
 |      Extract all members from the archive to the current working
 |      directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
 |      directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
 |      to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
 |      list returned by getmembers(). If `numeric_owner` is True, only
 |      the numbers for user/group names are used and not the names.
 |
 |      The `filter` function will be called on each member just
 |      before extraction.
 |      It can return a changed TarInfo or None to skip the member.
 |      String names of common filters are accepted.
 |
 |  extractfile(self, member)
 |      Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
 |      a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file or
 |      a link, an io.BufferedReader object is returned. For all other
 |      existing members, None is returned. If `member' does not appear
 |      in the archive, KeyError is raised.
 |
 |  getmember(self, name)
 |      Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
 |      found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
 |      than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
 |      most up-to-date version.
 |
 |  getmembers(self)
 |      Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
 |      list has the same order as the members in the archive.
 |
 |  getnames(self)
 |      Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
 |      the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
 |
 |  gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None)
 |      Create a TarInfo object from the result of os.stat or equivalent
 |      on an existing file. The file is either named by `name', or
 |      specified as a file object `fileobj' with a file descriptor. If
 |      given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the
 |      archive, otherwise, the name is taken from the 'name' attribute of
 |      'fileobj', or the 'name' argument. The name should be a text
 |      string.
 |
 |  list(self, verbose=True, *, members=None)
 |      Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
 |      the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
 |      output is produced. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
 |      list returned by getmembers().
 |
 |  makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Make a character or block device called targetpath.
 |
 |  makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Make a directory called targetpath.
 |
 |  makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Make a fifo called targetpath.
 |
 |  makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Make a file called targetpath.
 |
 |  makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
 |      (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
 |      instead of a link.
 |
 |  makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
 |      at targetpath.
 |
 |  next(self)
 |      Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
 |      TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
 |      available.
 |
 |  utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath)
 |      Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  bz2open(name, mode='r', fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs)
 |      Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
 |      Appending is not allowed.
 |
 |  gzopen(name, mode='r', fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs)
 |      Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
 |      Appending is not allowed.
 |
 |  open(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, bufsize=10240, **kwargs)
 |      Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
 |      an appropriate TarFile class.
 |
 |      mode:
 |      'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
 |      'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
 |      'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
 |      'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
 |      'r:xz'       open for reading with lzma compression
 |      'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
 |      'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
 |      'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
 |      'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
 |      'w:xz'       open for writing with lzma compression
 |
 |      'x' or 'x:'  create a tarfile exclusively without compression, raise
 |                   an exception if the file is already created
 |      'x:gz'       create a gzip compressed tarfile, raise an exception
 |                   if the file is already created
 |      'x:bz2'      create a bzip2 compressed tarfile, raise an exception
 |                   if the file is already created
 |      'x:xz'       create an lzma compressed tarfile, raise an exception
 |                   if the file is already created
 |
 |      'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
 |      'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
 |      'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
 |      'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
 |      'r|xz'       open an lzma compressed stream of tar blocks
 |      'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
 |      'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
 |      'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
 |      'w|xz'       open an lzma compressed stream for writing
 |
 |  taropen(name, mode='r', fileobj=None, **kwargs)
 |      Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
 |
 |  xzopen(name, mode='r', fileobj=None, preset=None, **kwargs)
 |      Open lzma compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
 |      Appending is not allowed.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  __dict__
 |      dictionary for instance variables
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 |  OPEN_METH = {'bz2': 'bz2open', 'gz': 'gzopen', 'tar': 'taropen', 'xz':...
 |
 |  debug = 0
 |
 |  dereference = False
 |
 |  encoding = 'utf-8'
 |
 |  errorlevel = 1
 |
 |  errors = None
 |
 |  extraction_filter = None
 |
 |  fileobject = <class 'tarfile.ExFileObject'>
 |
 |  format = 2
 |
 |  ignore_zeros = False
 |
 |  tarinfo = <class 'tarfile.TarInfo'>
 |      Informational class which holds the details about an
 |      archive member given by a tar header block.
 |      TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile.getmember(),
 |      TarFile.getmembers() and TarFile.gettarinfo() and are
 |      usually created internally.

Python Library Documentation: class TarInfo in module tarfile

class TarInfo(builtins.object)
 |  TarInfo(name='')
 |
 |  Informational class which holds the details about an
 |  archive member given by a tar header block.
 |  TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile.getmember(),
 |  TarFile.getmembers() and TarFile.gettarinfo() and are
 |  usually created internally.
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, name='')
 |      Construct a TarInfo object. name is the optional name
 |      of the member.
 |
 |  __repr__(self)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  create_gnu_header(self, info, encoding, errors)
 |      Return the object as a GNU header block sequence.
 |
 |  create_pax_header(self, info, encoding)
 |      Return the object as a ustar header block. If it cannot be
 |      represented this way, prepend a pax extended header sequence
 |      with supplement information.
 |
 |  create_ustar_header(self, info, encoding, errors)
 |      Return the object as a ustar header block.
 |
 |  get_info(self)
 |      Return the TarInfo's attributes as a dictionary.
 |
 |  isblk(self)
 |      Return True if it is a block device.
 |
 |  ischr(self)
 |      Return True if it is a character device.
 |
 |  isdev(self)
 |      Return True if it is one of character device, block device or FIFO.
 |
 |  isdir(self)
 |      Return True if it is a directory.
 |
 |  isfifo(self)
 |      Return True if it is a FIFO.
 |
 |  isfile(self)
 |      Return True if the Tarinfo object is a regular file.
 |
 |  islnk(self)
 |      Return True if it is a hard link.
 |
 |  isreg(self)
 |      Return True if the Tarinfo object is a regular file.
 |
 |  issparse(self)
 |
 |  issym(self)
 |      Return True if it is a symbolic link.
 |
 |  replace(self, *, name=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, mtime=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, mode=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, linkname=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, uid=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, gid=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, uname=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, gname=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>, deep=True, _KEEP=<object object at 0x000001EBFB1489E0>)
 |      Return a deep copy of self with the given attributes replaced.
 |
 |  tobuf(self, format=2, encoding='utf-8', errors='surrogateescape')
 |      Return a tar header as a string of 512 byte blocks.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  create_pax_global_header(pax_headers)
 |      Return the object as a pax global header block sequence.
 |
 |  frombuf(buf, encoding, errors)
 |      Construct a TarInfo object from a 512 byte bytes object.
 |
 |  fromtarfile(tarfile)
 |      Return the next TarInfo object from TarFile object
 |      tarfile.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  chksum
 |      Header checksum.
 |
 |  devmajor
 |      Device major number.
 |
 |  devminor
 |      Device minor number.
 |
 |  gid
 |      Group ID of the user who originally stored this member.
 |
 |  gname
 |      Group name.
 |
 |  linkname
 |      Name of the target file name, which is only present in TarInfo objects of type LNKTYPE and SYMTYPE.
 |
 |  linkpath
 |      In pax headers, "linkname" is called "linkpath".
 |
 |  mode
 |      Permission bits.
 |
 |  mtime
 |      Time of last modification.
 |
 |  name
 |      Name of the archive member.
 |
 |  offset
 |      The tar header starts here.
 |
 |  offset_data
 |      The file's data starts here.
 |
 |  path
 |      In pax headers, "name" is called "path".
 |
 |  pax_headers
 |      A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an associated pax extended header.
 |
 |  size
 |      Size in bytes.
 |
 |  sparse
 |      Sparse member information.
 |
 |  tarfile
 |
 |  type
 |      File type. type is usually one of these constants: REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE, SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE, CONTTYPE, CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE.
 |
 |  uid
 |      User ID of the user who originally stored this member.
 |
 |  uname
 |      User name.

Python Library Documentation: class TruncatedHeaderError in module tarfile

class TruncatedHeaderError(HeaderError)
 |  Exception for truncated headers.
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      TruncatedHeaderError
 |      HeaderError
 |      TarError
 |      builtins.Exception
 |      builtins.BaseException
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Data descriptors inherited from TarError:
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  add_note(...)
 |      Exception.add_note(note) --
 |      add a note to the exception
 |
 |  with_traceback(...)
 |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
 |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
 |
 |  __cause__
 |      exception cause
 |
 |  __context__
 |      exception context
 |
 |  __dict__
 |
 |  __suppress_context__
 |
 |  __traceback__
 |
 |  args

Python Library Documentation: int object

class int(object)
 |  int([x]) -> integer
 |  int(x, base=10) -> integer
 |
 |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
 |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
 |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.
 |
 |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
 |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
 |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
 |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
 |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 |  4
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      bool
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __abs__(self, /)
 |      abs(self)
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __and__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self&value.
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __ceil__(...)
 |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(self, value).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __float__(self, /)
 |      float(self)
 |
 |  __floor__(...)
 |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self//value.
 |
 |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)
 |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __index__(self, /)
 |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
 |
 |  __int__(self, /)
 |      int(self)
 |
 |  __invert__(self, /)
 |      ~self
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<<value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __neg__(self, /)
 |      -self
 |
 |  __or__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self|value.
 |
 |  __pos__(self, /)
 |      +self
 |
 |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
 |
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |
 |  __rand__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value&self.
 |
 |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return divmod(value, self).
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value//self.
 |
 |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value<<self.
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __ror__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value|self.
 |
 |  __round__(...)
 |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
 |
 |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
 |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
 |
 |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value>>self.
 |
 |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>>value.
 |
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |
 |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value/self.
 |
 |  __rxor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value^self.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(self, /)
 |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
 |
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |
 |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self/value.
 |
 |  __trunc__(...)
 |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
 |
 |  __xor__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self^value.
 |
 |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
 |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
 |
 |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
 |
 |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (10, 1)
 |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (-10, 1)
 |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
 |      (0, 1)
 |
 |  bit_count(self, /)
 |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
 |
 |      Also known as the population count.
 |
 |      >>> bin(13)
 |      '0b1101'
 |      >>> (13).bit_count()
 |      3
 |
 |  bit_length(self, /)
 |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 |
 |      >>> bin(37)
 |      '0b100101'
 |      >>> (37).bit_length()
 |      6
 |
 |  conjugate(...)
 |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
 |
 |  is_integer(self, /)
 |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
 |
 |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
 |
 |      length
 |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
 |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
 |        is length 1.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
 |        is raised.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
 |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
 |
 |      bytes
 |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
 |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
 |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
 |        buffer protocol.
 |      byteorder
 |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
 |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
 |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
 |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
 |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
 |      signed
 |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  denominator
 |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  imag
 |      the imaginary part of a complex number
 |
 |  numerator
 |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
 |
 |  real
 |      the real part of a complex number

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: bytes object

class bytes(object)
 |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
 |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
 |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
 |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
 |  bytes() -> empty bytes object
 |
 |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
 |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
 |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
 |    - any object implementing the buffer API.
 |    - an integer
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __buffer__(self, flags, /)
 |      Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
 |
 |  __bytes__(self, /)
 |      Convert this value to exact type bytes.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self%value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value%self.
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
 |      and the rest lower-cased.
 |
 |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a centered string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  count(...)
 |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
 |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |
 |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
 |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
 |
 |      encoding
 |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
 |      errors
 |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
 |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
 |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
 |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |
 |  endswith(...)
 |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
 |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |
 |  find(...)
 |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  hex(...)
 |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
 |
 |        sep
 |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
 |        bytes_per_sep
 |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
 |          right, negative values count from the left.
 |
 |      Example:
 |      >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
 |      >>> value.hex()
 |      'b901ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':')
 |      'b9:01:ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)
 |      'b9:01ef'
 |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)
 |      'b901:ef'
 |
 |  index(...)
 |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      B.isalnum() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      B.isalpha() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isascii(...)
 |      B.isascii() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
 |      False otherwise.
 |
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      B.isdigit() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  islower(...)
 |      B.islower() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  isspace(...)
 |      B.isspace() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  istitle(...)
 |      B.istitle() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |
 |  isupper(...)
 |      B.isupper() -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
 |
 |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
 |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
 |
 |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
 |
 |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.
 |
 |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
 |
 |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a left-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  lower(...)
 |      B.lower() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
 |
 |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  partition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
 |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
 |      itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
 |      object and two empty bytes objects.
 |
 |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
 |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
 |
 |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
 |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
 |
 |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
 |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original
 |      bytes.
 |
 |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
 |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
 |
 |        count
 |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
 |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
 |
 |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
 |      replaced.
 |
 |  rfind(...)
 |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |
 |  rindex(...)
 |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |
 |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |
 |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
 |
 |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
 |      Return a right-justified string of length width.
 |
 |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.
 |
 |  rpartition(self, sep, /)
 |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
 |
 |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
 |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
 |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
 |
 |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
 |      objects and the original bytes object.
 |
 |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |        sep
 |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |        maxsplit
 |          Maximum number of splits to do.
 |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
 |
 |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
 |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
 |
 |      sep
 |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
 |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
 |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
 |      maxsplit
 |        Maximum number of splits to do.
 |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
 |
 |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
 |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
 |
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
 |      true.
 |
 |  startswith(...)
 |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |
 |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
 |
 |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)
 |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
 |
 |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
 |
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
 |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
 |
 |  title(...)
 |      B.title() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |
 |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
 |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
 |
 |        table
 |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
 |
 |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
 |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
 |
 |  upper(...)
 |      B.upper() -> copy of B
 |
 |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
 |
 |  zfill(self, width, /)
 |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
 |
 |      The original string is never truncated.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromhex(string, /)
 |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
 |
 |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
 |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  maketrans(frm, to, /)
 |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
 |
 |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
 |      the same position in to.
 |
 |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Python Library Documentation: built-in function open in module _io

open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
    Open file and return a stream.  Raise OSError upon failure.

    file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
    if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
    be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
    wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
    returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)

    mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
    is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
    mode.  Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
    it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
    'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
    append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
    In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
    dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding.
    (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding
    unspecified.) The available modes are:

    ========= ===============================================================
    Character Meaning
    --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
    'r'       open for reading (default)
    'w'       open for writing, truncating the file first
    'x'       create a new file and open it for writing
    'a'       open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
    'b'       binary mode
    't'       text mode (default)
    '+'       open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
    ========= ===============================================================

    The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
    access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
    'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
    raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.

    Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
    even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
    binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
    bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
    't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
    returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
    platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.

    buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
    Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
    line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
    the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer.  When no buffering argument is
    given, the default buffering policy works as follows:

    * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
      is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
      "block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
      On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.

    * "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
      use line buffering.  Other text files use the policy described above
      for binary files.

    encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
    file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
    platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
    passed.  See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.

    errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
    be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
    'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
    (the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
    errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
    See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
    for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.

    newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
    mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'.  It works as
    follows:

    * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
      enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
      these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
      caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
      endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
      the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
      string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.

    * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
      translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
      newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
      of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
      to the given string.

    If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
    when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
    and must be True in that case.

    A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
    underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
    calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
    file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
    similar to passing None).

    open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
    through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
    are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
    'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
    a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
    mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
    modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
    a BufferedRandom.

    It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
    reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
    opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
    opened in a binary mode.

Python Library Documentation: function calc_chksums in module tarfile

calc_chksums(buf)
    Calculate the checksum for a member's header by summing up all
    characters except for the chksum field which is treated as if
    it was filled with spaces. According to the GNU tar sources,
    some tars (Sun and NeXT) calculate chksum with signed char,
    which will be different if there are chars in the buffer with
    the high bit set. So we calculate two checksums, unsigned and
    signed.

Python Library Documentation: module copy

NAME
    copy - Generic (shallow and deep) copying operations.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/copy.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    Interface summary:

            import copy

            x = copy.copy(y)        # make a shallow copy of y
            x = copy.deepcopy(y)    # make a deep copy of y

    For module specific errors, copy.Error is raised.

    The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for
    compound objects (objects that contain other objects, like lists or
    class instances).

    - A shallow copy constructs a new compound object and then (to the
      extent possible) inserts *the same objects* into it that the
      original contains.

    - A deep copy constructs a new compound object and then, recursively,
      inserts *copies* into it of the objects found in the original.

    Two problems often exist with deep copy operations that don't exist
    with shallow copy operations:

     a) recursive objects (compound objects that, directly or indirectly,
        contain a reference to themselves) may cause a recursive loop

     b) because deep copy copies *everything* it may copy too much, e.g.
        administrative data structures that should be shared even between
        copies

    Python's deep copy operation avoids these problems by:

     a) keeping a table of objects already copied during the current
        copying pass

     b) letting user-defined classes override the copying operation or the
        set of components copied

    This version does not copy types like module, class, function, method,
    nor stack trace, stack frame, nor file, socket, window, nor any
    similar types.

    Classes can use the same interfaces to control copying that they use
    to control pickling: they can define methods called __getinitargs__(),
    __getstate__() and __setstate__().  See the documentation for module
    "pickle" for information on these methods.

CLASSES
    builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
        Error

    class Error(builtins.Exception)
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      Error
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

FUNCTIONS
    copy(x)
        Shallow copy operation on arbitrary Python objects.

        See the module's __doc__ string for more info.

    deepcopy(x, memo=None, _nil=[])
        Deep copy operation on arbitrary Python objects.

        See the module's __doc__ string for more info.

DATA
    __all__ = ['Error', 'copy', 'deepcopy']

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\copy.py

Python Library Documentation: function copyfileobj in module tarfile

copyfileobj(src, dst, length=None, exception=<class 'OSError'>, bufsize=None)
    Copy length bytes from fileobj src to fileobj dst.
    If length is None, copy the entire content.

Python Library Documentation: function data_filter in module tarfile

data_filter(member, dest_path)

Python Library Documentation: function fully_trusted_filter in module tarfile

fully_trusted_filter(member, dest_path)

Python Library Documentation: NoneType object

class NoneType(object)
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: module io

NAME
    io

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/io.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    The io module provides the Python interfaces to stream handling. The
    builtin open function is defined in this module.

    At the top of the I/O hierarchy is the abstract base class IOBase. It
    defines the basic interface to a stream. Note, however, that there is no
    separation between reading and writing to streams; implementations are
    allowed to raise an OSError if they do not support a given operation.

    Extending IOBase is RawIOBase which deals simply with the reading and
    writing of raw bytes to a stream. FileIO subclasses RawIOBase to provide
    an interface to OS files.

    BufferedIOBase deals with buffering on a raw byte stream (RawIOBase). Its
    subclasses, BufferedWriter, BufferedReader, and BufferedRWPair buffer
    streams that are readable, writable, and both respectively.
    BufferedRandom provides a buffered interface to random access
    streams. BytesIO is a simple stream of in-memory bytes.

    Another IOBase subclass, TextIOBase, deals with the encoding and decoding
    of streams into text. TextIOWrapper, which extends it, is a buffered text
    interface to a buffered raw stream (`BufferedIOBase`). Finally, StringIO
    is an in-memory stream for text.

    Argument names are not part of the specification, and only the arguments
    of open() are intended to be used as keyword arguments.

    data:

    DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE

       An int containing the default buffer size used by the module's buffered
       I/O classes. open() uses the file's blksize (as obtained by os.stat) if
       possible.

CLASSES
    _io._BufferedIOBase(_io._IOBase)
        _io.BufferedRWPair
        _io.BufferedRandom
        _io.BufferedReader
        _io.BufferedWriter
        _io.BytesIO
        BufferedIOBase(_io._BufferedIOBase, IOBase)
    _io._IOBase(builtins.object)
        IOBase
            BufferedIOBase(_io._BufferedIOBase, IOBase)
            RawIOBase(_io._RawIOBase, IOBase)
            TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase)
    _io._RawIOBase(_io._IOBase)
        _io.FileIO
        RawIOBase(_io._RawIOBase, IOBase)
    _io._TextIOBase(_io._IOBase)
        _io.StringIO
        _io.TextIOWrapper
        TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase)
    builtins.OSError(builtins.Exception)
        builtins.BlockingIOError
        UnsupportedOperation(builtins.OSError, builtins.ValueError)
    builtins.ValueError(builtins.Exception)
        UnsupportedOperation(builtins.OSError, builtins.ValueError)
    builtins.object
        _io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder

    class BlockingIOError(OSError)
     |  I/O operation would block.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BlockingIOError
     |      OSError
     |      Exception
     |      BaseException
     |      object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from OSError:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

    class BufferedIOBase(_io._BufferedIOBase, IOBase)
     |  Base class for buffered IO objects.
     |
     |  The main difference with RawIOBase is that the read() method
     |  supports omitting the size argument, and does not have a default
     |  implementation that defers to readinto().
     |
     |  In addition, read(), readinto() and write() may raise
     |  BlockingIOError if the underlying raw stream is in non-blocking
     |  mode and not ready; unlike their raw counterparts, they will never
     |  return None.
     |
     |  A typical implementation should not inherit from a RawIOBase
     |  implementation, but wrap one.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BufferedIOBase
     |      _io._BufferedIOBase
     |      IOBase
     |      _io._IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._BufferedIOBase:
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
     |
     |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
     |      state.
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to n bytes.
     |
     |      If the size argument is omitted, None, or negative, read and
     |      return all data until EOF.
     |
     |      If the size argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
     |      not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
     |      the byte count (unless EOF is reached first).
     |      However, for interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes),
     |      at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not
     |      imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |
     |      Return None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
     |      mode and no data is available at the moment.
     |
     |  read1(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one read() call to the underlying raw stream.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |      A short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  readinto1(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  write(self, b, /)
     |      Write buffer b to the IO stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of bytes written, which is always
     |      the length of b in bytes.
     |
     |      Raise BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
     |      underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  seek(self, offset, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  closed

    class BufferedRWPair(_BufferedIOBase)
     |  BufferedRWPair(reader, writer, buffer_size=8192, /)
     |
     |  A buffered reader and writer object together.
     |
     |  A buffered reader object and buffered writer object put together to
     |  form a sequential IO object that can read and write. This is typically
     |  used with a socket or two-way pipe.
     |
     |  reader and writer are RawIOBase objects that are readable and
     |  writeable respectively. If the buffer_size is omitted it defaults to
     |  DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BufferedRWPair
     |      _BufferedIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  close(...)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  flush(...)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(...)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  peek(...)
     |
     |  read(...)
     |      Read and return up to n bytes.
     |
     |      If the size argument is omitted, None, or negative, read and
     |      return all data until EOF.
     |
     |      If the size argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
     |      not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
     |      the byte count (unless EOF is reached first).
     |      However, for interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes),
     |      at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not
     |      imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |
     |      Return None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
     |      mode and no data is available at the moment.
     |
     |  read1(...)
     |      Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one read() call to the underlying raw stream.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |      A short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |  readable(...)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readinto(...)
     |
     |  readinto1(...)
     |
     |  writable(...)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  write(...)
     |      Write buffer b to the IO stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of bytes written, which is always
     |      the length of b in bytes.
     |
     |      Raise BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
     |      underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _BufferedIOBase:
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
     |
     |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
     |      state.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  seek(self, offset, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class BufferedRandom(_BufferedIOBase)
     |  BufferedRandom(raw, buffer_size=8192)
     |
     |  A buffered interface to random access streams.
     |
     |  The constructor creates a reader and writer for a seekable stream,
     |  raw, given in the first argument. If the buffer_size is omitted it
     |  defaults to DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BufferedRandom
     |      _BufferedIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __reduce_ex__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __sizeof__(self, /)
     |      Size of object in memory, in bytes.
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
     |
     |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
     |      state.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  peek(self, size=0, /)
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to n bytes.
     |
     |      If the size argument is omitted, None, or negative, read and
     |      return all data until EOF.
     |
     |      If the size argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
     |      not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
     |      the byte count (unless EOF is reached first).
     |      However, for interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes),
     |      at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not
     |      imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |
     |      Return None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
     |      mode and no data is available at the moment.
     |
     |  read1(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one read() call to the underlying raw stream.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |      A short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  readinto1(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  seek(self, target, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, pos=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  write(self, buffer, /)
     |      Write buffer b to the IO stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of bytes written, which is always
     |      the length of b in bytes.
     |
     |      Raise BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
     |      underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |
     |  mode
     |
     |  name
     |
     |  raw
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class BufferedReader(_BufferedIOBase)
     |  BufferedReader(raw, buffer_size=8192)
     |
     |  Create a new buffered reader using the given readable raw IO object.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BufferedReader
     |      _BufferedIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __reduce_ex__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __sizeof__(self, /)
     |      Size of object in memory, in bytes.
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
     |
     |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
     |      state.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  peek(self, size=0, /)
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to n bytes.
     |
     |      If the size argument is omitted, None, or negative, read and
     |      return all data until EOF.
     |
     |      If the size argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
     |      not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
     |      the byte count (unless EOF is reached first).
     |      However, for interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes),
     |      at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not
     |      imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |
     |      Return None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
     |      mode and no data is available at the moment.
     |
     |  read1(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one read() call to the underlying raw stream.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |      A short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  readinto1(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  seek(self, target, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, pos=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |
     |  mode
     |
     |  name
     |
     |  raw
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _BufferedIOBase:
     |
     |  write(self, b, /)
     |      Write buffer b to the IO stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of bytes written, which is always
     |      the length of b in bytes.
     |
     |      Raise BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
     |      underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class BufferedWriter(_BufferedIOBase)
     |  BufferedWriter(raw, buffer_size=8192)
     |
     |  A buffer for a writeable sequential RawIO object.
     |
     |  The constructor creates a BufferedWriter for the given writeable raw
     |  stream. If the buffer_size is not given, it defaults to
     |  DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BufferedWriter
     |      _BufferedIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __reduce_ex__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __sizeof__(self, /)
     |      Size of object in memory, in bytes.
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
     |
     |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
     |      state.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  seek(self, target, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, pos=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  write(self, buffer, /)
     |      Write buffer b to the IO stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of bytes written, which is always
     |      the length of b in bytes.
     |
     |      Raise BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
     |      underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |
     |  mode
     |
     |  name
     |
     |  raw
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _BufferedIOBase:
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to n bytes.
     |
     |      If the size argument is omitted, None, or negative, read and
     |      return all data until EOF.
     |
     |      If the size argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
     |      not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
     |      the byte count (unless EOF is reached first).
     |      However, for interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes),
     |      at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not
     |      imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |
     |      Return None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
     |      mode and no data is available at the moment.
     |
     |  read1(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one read() call to the underlying raw stream.
     |
     |      Return an empty bytes object on EOF.
     |      A short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.
     |
     |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  readinto1(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class BytesIO(_BufferedIOBase)
     |  BytesIO(initial_bytes=b'')
     |
     |  Buffered I/O implementation using an in-memory bytes buffer.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      BytesIO
     |      _BufferedIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __getstate__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  __sizeof__(...)
     |      Size of object in memory, in bytes.
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Disable all I/O operations.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Does nothing.
     |
     |  getbuffer(self, /)
     |      Get a read-write view over the contents of the BytesIO object.
     |
     |  getvalue(self, /)
     |      Retrieve the entire contents of the BytesIO object.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Always returns False.
     |
     |      BytesIO objects are not connected to a TTY-like device.
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read at most size bytes, returned as a bytes object.
     |
     |      If the size argument is negative, read until EOF is reached.
     |      Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
     |
     |  read1(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read at most size bytes, returned as a bytes object.
     |
     |      If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
     |      Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Returns True if the IO object can be read.
     |
     |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
     |      Read bytes into buffer.
     |
     |      Returns number of bytes read (0 for EOF), or None if the object
     |      is set not to block and has no data to read.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Next line from the file, as a bytes object.
     |
     |      Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
     |      number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
     |      Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
     |
     |  readlines(self, size=None, /)
     |      List of bytes objects, each a line from the file.
     |
     |      Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
     |      The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
     |      total number of bytes in the lines returned.
     |
     |  seek(self, pos, whence=0, /)
     |      Change stream position.
     |
     |      Seek to byte offset pos relative to position indicated by whence:
     |           0  Start of stream (the default).  pos should be >= 0;
     |           1  Current position - pos may be negative;
     |           2  End of stream - pos usually negative.
     |      Returns the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Returns True if the IO object can be seeked.
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Current file position, an integer.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
     |
     |      Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
     |      The current file position is unchanged.  Returns the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Returns True if the IO object can be written.
     |
     |  write(self, b, /)
     |      Write bytes to file.
     |
     |      Return the number of bytes written.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write lines to the file.
     |
     |      Note that newlines are not added.  lines can be any iterable object
     |      producing bytes-like objects. This is equivalent to calling write() for
     |      each element.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |      True if the file is closed.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _BufferedIOBase:
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
     |
     |      After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
     |      state.
     |
     |  readinto1(self, buffer, /)
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class FileIO(_RawIOBase)
     |  FileIO(file, mode='r', closefd=True, opener=None)
     |
     |  Open a file.
     |
     |  The mode can be 'r' (default), 'w', 'x' or 'a' for reading,
     |  writing, exclusive creation or appending.  The file will be created if it
     |  doesn't exist when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated
     |  when opened for writing.  A FileExistsError will be raised if it already
     |  exists when opened for creating. Opening a file for creating implies
     |  writing so this mode behaves in a similar way to 'w'.Add a '+' to the mode
     |  to allow simultaneous reading and writing. A custom opener can be used by
     |  passing a callable as *opener*. The underlying file descriptor for the file
     |  object is then obtained by calling opener with (*name*, *flags*).
     |  *opener* must return an open file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener*
     |  results in functionality similar to passing None).
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      FileIO
     |      _RawIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __reduce_ex__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Close the file.
     |
     |      A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
     |      called more than once without error.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer).
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      True if the file is connected to a TTY device.
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
     |
     |      Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
     |      In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
     |      Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      True if file was opened in a read mode.
     |
     |  readall(self, /)
     |      Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
     |
     |      In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
     |      or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
     |
     |  readinto(self, buffer, /)
     |      Same as RawIOBase.readinto().
     |
     |  seek(self, pos, whence=0, /)
     |      Move to new file position and return the file position.
     |
     |      Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
     |      SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
     |      are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
     |      and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
     |      many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
     |
     |      Note that not all file objects are seekable.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      True if file supports random-access.
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Current file position.
     |
     |      Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
     |
     |      Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
     |      The current file position is changed to the value of size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      True if file was opened in a write mode.
     |
     |  write(self, b, /)
     |      Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written.
     |
     |      Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
     |      The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
     |      returns None if the write would block.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |      True if the file is closed
     |
     |  closefd
     |      True if the file descriptor will be closed by close().
     |
     |  mode
     |      String giving the file mode
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class IOBase(_io._IOBase)
     |  The abstract base class for all I/O classes.
     |
     |  This class provides dummy implementations for many methods that
     |  derived classes can override selectively; the default implementations
     |  represent a file that cannot be read, written or seeked.
     |
     |  Even though IOBase does not declare read, readinto, or write because
     |  their signatures will vary, implementations and clients should
     |  consider those methods part of the interface. Also, implementations
     |  may raise UnsupportedOperation when operations they do not support are
     |  called.
     |
     |  The basic type used for binary data read from or written to a file is
     |  bytes. Other bytes-like objects are accepted as method arguments too.
     |  In some cases (such as readinto), a writable object is required. Text
     |  I/O classes work with str data.
     |
     |  Note that calling any method (except additional calls to close(),
     |  which are ignored) on a closed stream should raise a ValueError.
     |
     |  IOBase (and its subclasses) support the iterator protocol, meaning
     |  that an IOBase object can be iterated over yielding the lines in a
     |  stream.
     |
     |  IOBase also supports the :keyword:`with` statement. In this example,
     |  fp is closed after the suite of the with statement is complete:
     |
     |  with open('spam.txt', 'r') as fp:
     |      fp.write('Spam and eggs!')
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      IOBase
     |      _io._IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  seek(self, offset, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  closed

    class IncrementalNewlineDecoder(builtins.object)
     |  IncrementalNewlineDecoder(decoder, translate, errors='strict')
     |
     |  Codec used when reading a file in universal newlines mode.
     |
     |  It wraps another incremental decoder, translating \r\n and \r into \n.
     |  It also records the types of newlines encountered.  When used with
     |  translate=False, it ensures that the newline sequence is returned in
     |  one piece. When used with decoder=None, it expects unicode strings as
     |  decode input and translates newlines without first invoking an external
     |  decoder.
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  decode(self, /, input, final=False)
     |
     |  getstate(self, /)
     |
     |  reset(self, /)
     |
     |  setstate(self, state, /)
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  newlines

    class RawIOBase(_io._RawIOBase, IOBase)
     |  Base class for raw binary I/O.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      RawIOBase
     |      _io._RawIOBase
     |      IOBase
     |      _io._IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._RawIOBase:
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |
     |  readall(self, /)
     |      Read until EOF, using multiple read() call.
     |
     |  readinto(...)
     |
     |  write(...)
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read and return a line from the stream.
     |
     |      If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.
     |
     |      The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
     |      files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
     |      terminator(s) recognized.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  seek(self, offset, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  closed

    class StringIO(_TextIOBase)
     |  StringIO(initial_value='', newline='\n')
     |
     |  Text I/O implementation using an in-memory buffer.
     |
     |  The initial_value argument sets the value of object.  The newline
     |  argument is like the one of TextIOWrapper's constructor.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      StringIO
     |      _TextIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __getstate__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Close the IO object.
     |
     |      Attempting any further operation after the object is closed
     |      will raise a ValueError.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  getvalue(self, /)
     |      Retrieve the entire contents of the object.
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read at most size characters, returned as a string.
     |
     |      If the argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF
     |      is reached. Return an empty string at EOF.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Returns True if the IO object can be read.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read until newline or EOF.
     |
     |      Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.
     |
     |  seek(self, pos, whence=0, /)
     |      Change stream position.
     |
     |      Seek to character offset pos relative to position indicated by whence:
     |          0  Start of stream (the default).  pos should be >= 0;
     |          1  Current position - pos must be 0;
     |          2  End of stream - pos must be 0.
     |      Returns the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Returns True if the IO object can be seeked.
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Tell the current file position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, pos=None, /)
     |      Truncate size to pos.
     |
     |      The pos argument defaults to the current file position, as
     |      returned by tell().  The current file position is unchanged.
     |      Returns the new absolute position.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Returns True if the IO object can be written.
     |
     |  write(self, s, /)
     |      Write string to file.
     |
     |      Returns the number of characters written, which is always equal to
     |      the length of the string.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  closed
     |
     |  line_buffering
     |
     |  newlines
     |      Line endings translated so far.
     |
     |      Only line endings translated during reading are considered.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _TextIOBase:
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.
     |
     |      After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an unusable state.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _TextIOBase:
     |
     |  encoding
     |      Encoding of the text stream.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  errors
     |      The error setting of the decoder or encoder.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase)
     |  Base class for text I/O.
     |
     |  This class provides a character and line based interface to stream
     |  I/O. There is no readinto method because Python's character strings
     |  are immutable.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      TextIOBase
     |      _io._TextIOBase
     |      IOBase
     |      _io._IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._TextIOBase:
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.
     |
     |      After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an unusable state.
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read at most size characters from stream.
     |
     |      Read from underlying buffer until we have size characters or we hit EOF.
     |      If size is negative or omitted, read until EOF.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read until newline or EOF.
     |
     |      Return an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.
     |      If size is specified, at most size characters will be read.
     |
     |  write(self, s, /)
     |      Write string s to stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of characters written
     |      (which is always equal to the length of the string).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._TextIOBase:
     |
     |  encoding
     |      Encoding of the text stream.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  errors
     |      The error setting of the decoder or encoder.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  newlines
     |      Line endings translated so far.
     |
     |      Only line endings translated during reading are considered.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  seek(self, offset, whence=0, /)
     |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset.
     |
     |        offset
     |          The stream position, relative to 'whence'.
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      The offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.
     |      Values for whence are:
     |
     |      * os.SEEK_SET or 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
     |      * os.SEEK_CUR or 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
     |      * os.SEEK_END or 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
     |
     |      Return the new absolute position.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return current stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, size=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  closed

    class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase)
     |  TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, line_buffering=False, write_through=False)
     |
     |  Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
     |
     |  encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
     |  decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getencoding().
     |
     |  errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see
     |  help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and
     |  defaults to "strict".
     |
     |  newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
     |  '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'.  It works as follows:
     |
     |  * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
     |    enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
     |    these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
     |    caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
     |    endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
     |    the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
     |    string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
     |
     |  * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
     |    translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
     |    newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
     |    of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
     |    to the given string.
     |
     |  If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
     |  write contains a newline character.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      TextIOWrapper
     |      _TextIOBase
     |      _IOBase
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __next__(self, /)
     |      Implement next(self).
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __reduce_ex__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  close(self, /)
     |      Flush and close the IO object.
     |
     |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
     |
     |  detach(self, /)
     |      Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.
     |
     |      After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an unusable state.
     |
     |  fileno(self, /)
     |      Return underlying file descriptor if one exists.
     |
     |      Raise OSError if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
     |
     |  flush(self, /)
     |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
     |
     |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
     |
     |  isatty(self, /)
     |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
     |
     |      Return False if it can't be determined.
     |
     |  read(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read at most size characters from stream.
     |
     |      Read from underlying buffer until we have size characters or we hit EOF.
     |      If size is negative or omitted, read until EOF.
     |
     |  readable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
     |
     |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  readline(self, size=-1, /)
     |      Read until newline or EOF.
     |
     |      Return an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.
     |      If size is specified, at most size characters will be read.
     |
     |  reconfigure(self, /, *, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, line_buffering=None, write_through=None)
     |      Reconfigure the text stream with new parameters.
     |
     |      This also does an implicit stream flush.
     |
     |  seek(self, cookie, whence=0, /)
     |      Set the stream position, and return the new stream position.
     |
     |        cookie
     |          Zero or an opaque number returned by tell().
     |        whence
     |          The relative position to seek from.
     |
     |      Four operations are supported, given by the following argument
     |      combinations:
     |
     |      - seek(0, SEEK_SET): Rewind to the start of the stream.
     |      - seek(cookie, SEEK_SET): Restore a previous position;
     |        'cookie' must be a number returned by tell().
     |      - seek(0, SEEK_END): Fast-forward to the end of the stream.
     |      - seek(0, SEEK_CUR): Leave the current stream position unchanged.
     |
     |      Any other argument combinations are invalid,
     |      and may raise exceptions.
     |
     |  seekable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object supports random access.
     |
     |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
     |      This method may need to do a test seek().
     |
     |  tell(self, /)
     |      Return the stream position as an opaque number.
     |
     |      The return value of tell() can be given as input to seek(), to restore a
     |      previous stream position.
     |
     |  truncate(self, pos=None, /)
     |      Truncate file to size bytes.
     |
     |      File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO position
     |      as reported by tell(). Return the new size.
     |
     |  writable(self, /)
     |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
     |
     |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
     |
     |  write(self, text, /)
     |      Write string s to stream.
     |
     |      Return the number of characters written
     |      (which is always equal to the length of the string).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  buffer
     |
     |  closed
     |
     |  encoding
     |      Encoding of the text stream.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  errors
     |      The error setting of the decoder or encoder.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  line_buffering
     |
     |  name
     |
     |  newlines
     |      Line endings translated so far.
     |
     |      Only line endings translated during reading are considered.
     |
     |      Subclasses should override.
     |
     |  write_through
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __del__(...)
     |
     |  __enter__(...)
     |
     |  __exit__(...)
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
     |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
     |
     |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
     |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
     |      lines so far exceeds hint.
     |
     |  writelines(self, lines, /)
     |      Write a list of lines to stream.
     |
     |      Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the
     |      lines provided to have a line separator at the end.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from _IOBase:
     |
     |  __dict__

    class UnsupportedOperation(builtins.OSError, builtins.ValueError)
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      UnsupportedOperation
     |      builtins.OSError
     |      builtins.ValueError
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

FUNCTIONS
    open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
        Open file and return a stream.  Raise OSError upon failure.

        file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
        if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
        be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
        wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
        returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)

        mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
        is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
        mode.  Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
        it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
        'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
        append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
        In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
        dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding.
        (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding
        unspecified.) The available modes are:

        ========= ===============================================================
        Character Meaning
        --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
        'r'       open for reading (default)
        'w'       open for writing, truncating the file first
        'x'       create a new file and open it for writing
        'a'       open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
        'b'       binary mode
        't'       text mode (default)
        '+'       open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
        ========= ===============================================================

        The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
        access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
        'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
        raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.

        Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
        even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
        binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
        bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
        't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
        returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
        platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.

        buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
        Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
        line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
        the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer.  When no buffering argument is
        given, the default buffering policy works as follows:

        * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
          is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
          "block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
          On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.

        * "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
          use line buffering.  Other text files use the policy described above
          for binary files.

        encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
        file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
        platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
        passed.  See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.

        errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
        be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
        'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
        (the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
        errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
        See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
        for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.

        newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
        mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'.  It works as
        follows:

        * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
          enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
          these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
          caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
          endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
          the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
          string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.

        * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
          translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
          newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
          of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
          to the given string.

        If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
        when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
        and must be True in that case.

        A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
        underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
        calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
        file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
        similar to passing None).

        open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
        through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
        are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
        'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
        a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
        mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
        modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
        a BufferedRandom.

        It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
        reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
        opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
        opened in a binary mode.

    open_code(path)
        Opens the provided file with the intent to import the contents.

        This may perform extra validation beyond open(), but is otherwise interchangeable
        with calling open(path, 'rb').

    text_encoding(encoding, stacklevel=2, /)
        A helper function to choose the text encoding.

        When encoding is not None, this function returns it.
        Otherwise, this function returns the default text encoding
        (i.e. "locale" or "utf-8" depends on UTF-8 mode).

        This function emits an EncodingWarning if encoding is None and
        sys.flags.warn_default_encoding is true.

        This can be used in APIs with an encoding=None parameter.
        However, please consider using encoding="utf-8" for new APIs.

DATA
    DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192
    SEEK_CUR = 1
    SEEK_END = 2
    SEEK_SET = 0
    __all__ = ['BlockingIOError', 'open', 'open_code', 'IOBase', 'RawIOBas...

AUTHOR
    Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>, Mike Verdone <mike.verdone@gmail.com>, Mark Russell <mark.russell@zen.co.uk>, Antoine Pitrou <solipsis@pitrou.net>, Amaury Forgeot d'Arc <amauryfa@gmail.com>, Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\io.py

Python Library Documentation: function is_tarfile in module tarfile

is_tarfile(name)
    Return True if name points to a tar archive that we
    are able to handle, else return False.

    'name' should be a string, file, or file-like object.

Python Library Documentation: function itn in module tarfile

itn(n, digits=8, format=2)
    Convert a python number to a number field.

Python Library Documentation: function main in module tarfile

main()

Python Library Documentation: function nti in module tarfile

nti(s)
    Convert a number field to a python number.

Python Library Documentation: function nts in module tarfile

nts(s, encoding, errors)
    Convert a null-terminated bytes object to a string.

Python Library Documentation: method open in module tarfile

open(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, bufsize=10240, **kwargs) class method of tarfile.TarFile
    Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
    an appropriate TarFile class.

    mode:
    'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
    'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
    'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
    'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
    'r:xz'       open for reading with lzma compression
    'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
    'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
    'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
    'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
    'w:xz'       open for writing with lzma compression

    'x' or 'x:'  create a tarfile exclusively without compression, raise
                 an exception if the file is already created
    'x:gz'       create a gzip compressed tarfile, raise an exception
                 if the file is already created
    'x:bz2'      create a bzip2 compressed tarfile, raise an exception
                 if the file is already created
    'x:xz'       create an lzma compressed tarfile, raise an exception
                 if the file is already created

    'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
    'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
    'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
    'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
    'r|xz'       open an lzma compressed stream of tar blocks
    'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
    'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
    'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
    'w|xz'       open an lzma compressed stream for writing

Python Library Documentation: module os

NAME
    os - OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/os.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    This exports:
      - all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
      - os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
      - os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
      - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
      - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
      - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
      - os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
      - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
      - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
      - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
      - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
      - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

    Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
    portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
    only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
    and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
    (e.g., split and join).

CLASSES
    builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
        builtins.OSError
    builtins.object
        nt.DirEntry
    builtins.tuple(builtins.object)
        nt.times_result
        nt.uname_result
        stat_result
        statvfs_result
        terminal_size

    class DirEntry(builtins.object)
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __fspath__(self, /)
     |      Returns the path for the entry.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  inode(self, /)
     |      Return inode of the entry; cached per entry.
     |
     |  is_dir(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
     |      Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry.
     |
     |  is_file(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
     |      Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry.
     |
     |  is_junction(self, /)
     |      Return True if the entry is a junction; cached per entry.
     |
     |  is_symlink(self, /)
     |      Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry.
     |
     |  stat(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
     |      Return stat_result object for the entry; cached per entry.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods defined here:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  name
     |      the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() "path" argument
     |
     |  path
     |      the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name)

    error = class OSError(Exception)
     |  Base class for I/O related errors.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      OSError
     |      Exception
     |      BaseException
     |      object
     |
     |  Built-in subclasses:
     |      BlockingIOError
     |      ChildProcessError
     |      ConnectionError
     |      FileExistsError
     |      ... and 7 other subclasses
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

    class stat_result(builtins.tuple)
     |  stat_result(iterable=(), /)
     |
     |  stat_result: Result from stat, fstat, or lstat.
     |
     |  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
     |    (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)
     |  or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.
     |
     |  Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,
     |  or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.
     |
     |  See os.stat for more information.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      stat_result
     |      builtins.tuple
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  st_atime
     |      time of last access
     |
     |  st_atime_ns
     |      time of last access in nanoseconds
     |
     |  st_birthtime
     |      time of creation
     |
     |  st_birthtime_ns
     |      time of creation in nanoseconds
     |
     |  st_ctime
     |      time of last change
     |
     |  st_ctime_ns
     |      time of last change in nanoseconds
     |
     |  st_dev
     |      device
     |
     |  st_file_attributes
     |      Windows file attribute bits
     |
     |  st_gid
     |      group ID of owner
     |
     |  st_ino
     |      inode
     |
     |  st_mode
     |      protection bits
     |
     |  st_mtime
     |      time of last modification
     |
     |  st_mtime_ns
     |      time of last modification in nanoseconds
     |
     |  st_nlink
     |      number of hard links
     |
     |  st_reparse_tag
     |      Windows reparse tag
     |
     |  st_size
     |      total size, in bytes
     |
     |  st_uid
     |      user ID of owner
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __match_args__ = ('st_mode', 'st_ino', 'st_dev', 'st_nlink', 'st_uid',...
     |
     |  n_fields = 20
     |
     |  n_sequence_fields = 10
     |
     |  n_unnamed_fields = 3
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __contains__(self, key, /)
     |      Return bool(key in self).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __len__(self, /)
     |      Return len(self).
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  count(self, value, /)
     |      Return number of occurrences of value.
     |
     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
     |      Return first index of value.
     |
     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585

    class statvfs_result(builtins.tuple)
     |  statvfs_result(iterable=(), /)
     |
     |  statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.
     |
     |  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
     |    (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),
     |  or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.
     |
     |  See os.statvfs for more information.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      statvfs_result
     |      builtins.tuple
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  f_bavail
     |
     |  f_bfree
     |
     |  f_blocks
     |
     |  f_bsize
     |
     |  f_favail
     |
     |  f_ffree
     |
     |  f_files
     |
     |  f_flag
     |
     |  f_frsize
     |
     |  f_fsid
     |
     |  f_namemax
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __match_args__ = ('f_bsize', 'f_frsize', 'f_blocks', 'f_bfree', 'f_bav...
     |
     |  n_fields = 11
     |
     |  n_sequence_fields = 10
     |
     |  n_unnamed_fields = 0
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __contains__(self, key, /)
     |      Return bool(key in self).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __len__(self, /)
     |      Return len(self).
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  count(self, value, /)
     |      Return number of occurrences of value.
     |
     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
     |      Return first index of value.
     |
     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585

    class terminal_size(builtins.tuple)
     |  terminal_size(iterable=(), /)
     |
     |  A tuple of (columns, lines) for holding terminal window size
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      terminal_size
     |      builtins.tuple
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  columns
     |      width of the terminal window in characters
     |
     |  lines
     |      height of the terminal window in characters
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __match_args__ = ('columns', 'lines')
     |
     |  n_fields = 2
     |
     |  n_sequence_fields = 2
     |
     |  n_unnamed_fields = 0
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __contains__(self, key, /)
     |      Return bool(key in self).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __len__(self, /)
     |      Return len(self).
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  count(self, value, /)
     |      Return number of occurrences of value.
     |
     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
     |      Return first index of value.
     |
     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585

    class times_result(builtins.tuple)
     |  times_result(iterable=(), /)
     |
     |  times_result: Result from os.times().
     |
     |  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
     |    (user, system, children_user, children_system, elapsed),
     |  or via the attributes user, system, children_user, children_system,
     |  and elapsed.
     |
     |  See os.times for more information.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      times_result
     |      builtins.tuple
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  children_system
     |      system time of children
     |
     |  children_user
     |      user time of children
     |
     |  elapsed
     |      elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past
     |
     |  system
     |      system time
     |
     |  user
     |      user time
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __match_args__ = ('user', 'system', 'children_user', 'children_system'...
     |
     |  n_fields = 5
     |
     |  n_sequence_fields = 5
     |
     |  n_unnamed_fields = 0
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __contains__(self, key, /)
     |      Return bool(key in self).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __len__(self, /)
     |      Return len(self).
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  count(self, value, /)
     |      Return number of occurrences of value.
     |
     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
     |      Return first index of value.
     |
     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585

    class uname_result(builtins.tuple)
     |  uname_result(iterable=(), /)
     |
     |  uname_result: Result from os.uname().
     |
     |  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
     |    (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine),
     |  or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine.
     |
     |  See os.uname for more information.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      uname_result
     |      builtins.tuple
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  machine
     |      hardware identifier
     |
     |  nodename
     |      name of machine on network (implementation-defined)
     |
     |  release
     |      operating system release
     |
     |  sysname
     |      operating system name
     |
     |  version
     |      operating system version
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __match_args__ = ('sysname', 'nodename', 'release', 'version', 'machin...
     |
     |  n_fields = 5
     |
     |  n_sequence_fields = 5
     |
     |  n_unnamed_fields = 0
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __contains__(self, key, /)
     |      Return bool(key in self).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __len__(self, /)
     |      Return len(self).
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  count(self, value, /)
     |      Return number of occurrences of value.
     |
     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
     |      Return first index of value.
     |
     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585

FUNCTIONS
    _exit(status)
        Exit to the system with specified status, without normal exit processing.

    abort()
        Abort the interpreter immediately.

        This function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible
        on the hosting operating system.  This function never returns.

    access(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, effective_ids=False, follow_symlinks=True)
        Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.

          path
            Path to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object.
          mode
            Operating-system mode bitfield.  Can be F_OK to test existence,
            or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
          dir_fd
            If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
            and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
            directory.
          effective_ids
            If True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of
            the real uid/gid.
          follow_symlinks
            If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
            access will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
            the link points to.

        dir_fd, effective_ids, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
          on your platform.  If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
          NotImplementedError.

        Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this
          routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user
          has the specified access to the path.

    chdir(path)
        Change the current working directory to the specified path.

        path may always be specified as a string.
        On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
          If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.

    chmod(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
        Change the access permissions of a file.

          path
            Path to be modified.  May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object.
            On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
            If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
          mode
            Operating-system mode bitfield.
            Be careful when using number literals for *mode*. The conventional UNIX notation for
            numeric modes uses an octal base, which needs to be indicated with a ``0o`` prefix in
            Python.
          dir_fd
            If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
            and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
            directory.
          follow_symlinks
            If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
            chmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
            the link points to.

        It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
          an open file descriptor.
        dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform.
          If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.

    close(fd)
        Close a file descriptor.

    closerange(fd_low, fd_high, /)
        Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.

    cpu_count()
        Return the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable.

        This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can
        use.  The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with
        ``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))``

    device_encoding(fd)
        Return a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor.

        The file descriptor must be attached to a terminal.
        If the device is not a terminal, return None.

    dup(fd, /)
        Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.

    dup2(fd, fd2, inheritable=True)
        Duplicate file descriptor.

    execl(file, *args)
        execl(file, *args)

        Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
        current process.

    execle(file, *args)
        execle(file, *args, env)

        Execute the executable file with argument list args and
        environment env, replacing the current process.

    execlp(file, *args)
        execlp(file, *args)

        Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
        with argument list args, replacing the current process.

    execlpe(file, *args)
        execlpe(file, *args, env)

        Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
        with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
        process.

    execv(path, argv, /)
        Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.

        path
          Path of executable file.
        argv
          Tuple or list of strings.

    execve(path, argv, env)
        Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.

        path
          Path of executable file.
        argv
          Tuple or list of strings.
        env
          Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.

    execvp(file, args)
        execvp(file, args)

        Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
        with argument list args, replacing the current process.
        args may be a list or tuple of strings.

    execvpe(file, args, env)
        execvpe(file, args, env)

        Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
        with argument list args and environment env, replacing the
        current process.
        args may be a list or tuple of strings.

    fdopen(fd, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, *args, **kwargs)

    fsdecode(filename)
        Decode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) from the filesystem
        encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return str unchanged. On
        Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
        'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).

    fsencode(filename)
        Encode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) to the filesystem
        encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return bytes unchanged.
        On Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
        'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).

    fspath(path)
        Return the file system path representation of the object.

        If the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the
        object defines __fspath__(), then return the result of that method. All other
        types raise a TypeError.

    fstat(fd)
        Perform a stat system call on the given file descriptor.

        Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
        Equivalent to os.stat(fd).

    fsync(fd)
        Force write of fd to disk.

    ftruncate(fd, length, /)
        Truncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length.

    get_blocking(fd, /)
        Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor.

        Return False if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared.

    get_exec_path(env=None)
        Returns the sequence of directories that will be searched for the
        named executable (similar to a shell) when launching a process.

        *env* must be an environment variable dict or None.  If *env* is None,
        os.environ will be used.

    get_handle_inheritable(handle, /)
        Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.

    get_inheritable(fd, /)
        Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.

    get_terminal_size(...)
        Return the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines).

        The optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies
        which file descriptor should be queried.

        If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError
        is thrown.

        This function will only be defined if an implementation is
        available for this system.

        shutil.get_terminal_size is the high-level function which should
        normally be used, os.get_terminal_size is the low-level implementation.

    getcwd()
        Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.

    getcwdb()
        Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.

    getenv(key, default=None)
        Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
        The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
        key, default and the result are str.

    getlogin()
        Return the actual login name.

    getpid()
        Return the current process id.

    getppid()
        Return the parent's process id.

        If the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still
        return its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1).

    isatty(fd, /)
        Return True if the fd is connected to a terminal.

        Return True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor
        connected to the slave end of a terminal.

    kill(pid, signal, /)
        Kill a process with a signal.

    link(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
        Create a hard link to a file.

        If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
          descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
          should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
        If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic
          link, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the
          file the link points to.
        src_dir_fd, dst_dir_fd, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your
          platform.  If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
          NotImplementedError.

    listdir(path=None)
        Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory.

        path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object.  If path is bytes,
          the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances
          the filenames returned will be str.
        If path is None, uses the path='.'.
        On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\
          the file descriptor must refer to a directory.
          If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.

        The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special
        entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.

    listdrives()
        Return a list containing the names of drives in the system.

        A drive name typically looks like 'C:\\'.

    listmounts(volume)
        Return a list containing mount points for a particular volume.

        'volume' should be a GUID path as returned from os.listvolumes.

    listvolumes()
        Return a list containing the volumes in the system.

        Volumes are typically represented as a GUID path.

    lseek(fd, position, whence, /)
        Set the position of a file descriptor.  Return the new position.

          fd
            An open file descriptor, as returned by os.open().
          position
            Position, interpreted relative to 'whence'.
          whence
            The relative position to seek from. Valid values are:
            - SEEK_SET: seek from the start of the file.
            - SEEK_CUR: seek from the current file position.
            - SEEK_END: seek from the end of the file.

        The return value is the number of bytes relative to the beginning of the file.

    lstat(path, *, dir_fd=None)
        Perform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links.

        Like stat(), but do not follow symbolic links.
        Equivalent to stat(path, follow_symlinks=False).

    makedirs(name, mode=511, exist_ok=False)
        makedirs(name [, mode=0o777][, exist_ok=False])

        Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.  Works like
        mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost)
        will be created if it does not exist. If the target directory already
        exists, raise an OSError if exist_ok is False. Otherwise no exception is
        raised.  This is recursive.

    mkdir(path, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
        Create a directory.

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
          If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

        The mode argument is ignored on Windows. Where it is used, the current umask
        value is first masked out.

    open(path, flags, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
        Open a file for low level IO.  Returns a file descriptor (integer).

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
          If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

    pipe()
        Create a pipe.

        Returns a tuple of two file descriptors:
          (read_fd, write_fd)

    popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1)

    putenv(name, value, /)
        Change or add an environment variable.

    read(fd, length, /)
        Read from a file descriptor.  Returns a bytes object.

    readlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
        Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
        and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.

        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.  If it is unavailable,
        using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

    remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
        Remove a file (same as unlink()).

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
          If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

    removedirs(name)
        removedirs(name)

        Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
        ones.  Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
        successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
        segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
        consumed or an error occurs.  Errors during this latter phase are
        ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.

    rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
        Rename a file or directory.

        If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
          descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
          should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
        src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
          If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.

    renames(old, new)
        renames(old, new)

        Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
        empty.  Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
        directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
        first.  After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
        path segments of the old name will be pruned until either the
        whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.

        Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
        if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
        file.

    replace(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
        Rename a file or directory, overwriting the destination.

        If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
          descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
          should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
        src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
          If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.

    rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None)
        Remove a directory.

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
          If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

    scandir(path=None)
        Return an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path.

        path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object.  If path
        is bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in
        all other circumstances they will be str.

        If path is None, uses the path='.'.

    set_blocking(fd, blocking, /)
        Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor.

        Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False,
        clear the O_NONBLOCK flag otherwise.

    set_handle_inheritable(handle, inheritable, /)
        Set the inheritable flag of the specified handle.

    set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, /)
        Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.

    spawnl(mode, file, *args)
        spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer

        Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
        If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
        If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
        otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.

    spawnle(mode, file, *args)
        spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer

        Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
        supplied environment.
        If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
        If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
        otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.

    spawnv(mode, path, argv, /)
        Execute the program specified by path in a new process.

        mode
          Mode of process creation.
        path
          Path of executable file.
        argv
          Tuple or list of strings.

    spawnve(mode, path, argv, env, /)
        Execute the program specified by path in a new process.

        mode
          Mode of process creation.
        path
          Path of executable file.
        argv
          Tuple or list of strings.
        env
          Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.

    startfile(...)
        Start a file with its associated application.

        When "operation" is not specified or "open", this acts like
        double-clicking the file in Explorer, or giving the file name as an
        argument to the DOS "start" command: the file is opened with whatever
        application (if any) its extension is associated.
        When another "operation" is given, it specifies what should be done with
        the file.  A typical operation is "print".

        "arguments" is passed to the application, but should be omitted if the
        file is a document.

        "cwd" is the working directory for the operation. If "filepath" is
        relative, it will be resolved against this directory. This argument
        should usually be an absolute path.

        "show_cmd" can be used to override the recommended visibility option.
        See the Windows ShellExecute documentation for values.

        startfile returns as soon as the associated application is launched.
        There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way
        to retrieve the application's exit status.

        The filepath is relative to the current directory.  If you want to use
        an absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash ("/");
        the underlying Win32 ShellExecute function doesn't work if it is.

    stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
        Perform a stat system call on the given path.

          path
            Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or
            open-file-descriptor int.
          dir_fd
            If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
            and path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to
            that directory.
          follow_symlinks
            If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
            stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
            the link points to.

        dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
          on your platform.  If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
          NotImplementedError.

        It's an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
          an open file descriptor.

    strerror(code, /)
        Translate an error code to a message string.

    symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False, *, dir_fd=None)
        Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.

        target_is_directory is required on Windows if the target is to be
          interpreted as a directory.  (On Windows, symlink requires
          Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.)
          target_is_directory is ignored on non-Windows platforms.

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
          If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

    system(command)
        Execute the command in a subshell.

    times()
        Return a collection containing process timing information.

        The object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields:
          (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
        All fields are floating-point numbers.

    truncate(path, length)
        Truncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length.

        On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
          If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.

    umask(mask, /)
        Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.

    unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
        Remove a file (same as remove()).

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
          If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

    unsetenv(name, /)
        Delete an environment variable.

    urandom(size, /)
        Return a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.

    utime(...)
        Set the access and modified time of path.

        path may always be specified as a string.
        On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
          If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.

        If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);
            atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.
        If ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns);
            atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds
            since the epoch.
        If times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time.
        Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
        If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
          link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
          link points to.
        It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path
          as an open file descriptor.
        dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform.
          If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.

    waitpid(pid, options, /)
        Wait for completion of a given process.

        Returns a tuple of information regarding the process:
            (pid, status << 8)

        The options argument is ignored on Windows.

    waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
        Convert a wait status to an exit code.

        On Unix:

        * If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status).
        * If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status).
        * Otherwise, raise a ValueError.

        On Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits.

        On Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with
        WUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
        This function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.

    walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)
        Directory tree generator.

        For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
        itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple

            dirpath, dirnames, filenames

        dirpath is a string, the path to the directory.  dirnames is a list of
        the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (including symlinks to directories,
        and excluding '.' and '..').
        filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
        Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
        To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
        dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).

        If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
        directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
        (directories are generated top down).  If topdown is false, the triple
        for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
        subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).

        When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
        (e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
        subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune the
        search, or to impose a specific order of visiting.  Modifying dirnames when
        topdown is false has no effect on the behavior of os.walk(), since the
        directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames
        itself is generated. No matter the value of topdown, the list of
        subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its
        subdirectories are generated.

        By default errors from the os.scandir() call are ignored.  If
        optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
        will be called with one argument, an OSError instance.  It can
        report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
        to abort the walk.  Note that the filename is available as the
        filename attribute of the exception object.

        By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
        systems that support them.  In order to get this functionality, set the
        optional argument 'followlinks' to true.

        Caution:  if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
        current working directory between resumptions of walk.  walk never
        changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
        either.

        Example:

        import os
        from os.path import join, getsize
        for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
            print(root, "consumes ")
            print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end=" ")
            print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
            if 'CVS' in dirs:
                dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories

    write(fd, data, /)
        Write a bytes object to a file descriptor.

DATA
    EX_OK = 0
    F_OK = 0
    O_APPEND = 8
    O_BINARY = 32768
    O_CREAT = 256
    O_EXCL = 1024
    O_NOINHERIT = 128
    O_RANDOM = 16
    O_RDONLY = 0
    O_RDWR = 2
    O_SEQUENTIAL = 32
    O_SHORT_LIVED = 4096
    O_TEMPORARY = 64
    O_TEXT = 16384
    O_TRUNC = 512
    O_WRONLY = 1
    P_DETACH = 4
    P_NOWAIT = 1
    P_NOWAITO = 3
    P_OVERLAY = 2
    P_WAIT = 0
    R_OK = 4
    SEEK_CUR = 1
    SEEK_END = 2
    SEEK_SET = 0
    TMP_MAX = 2147483647
    W_OK = 2
    X_OK = 1
    __all__ = ['altsep', 'curdir', 'pardir', 'sep', 'pathsep', 'linesep', ...
    altsep = '/'
    curdir = '.'
    defpath = r'.;C:\bin'
    devnull = 'nul'
    environ = environ({'ALLUSERSPROFILE': 'C:\\ProgramData', '...undled\\l...
    extsep = '.'
    linesep = '\r\n'
    name = 'nt'
    pardir = '..'
    pathsep = ';'
    sep = r'\'
    supports_bytes_environ = False

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\os.py

Python Library Documentation: NoneType object

class NoneType(object)
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      True if self else False
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: package re

NAME
    re - Support for regular expressions (RE).

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/re.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to
    those found in Perl.  It supports both 8-bit and Unicode strings; both
    the pattern and the strings being processed can contain null bytes and
    characters outside the US ASCII range.

    Regular expressions can contain both special and ordinary characters.
    Most ordinary characters, like "A", "a", or "0", are the simplest
    regular expressions; they simply match themselves.  You can
    concatenate ordinary characters, so last matches the string 'last'.

    The special characters are:
        "."      Matches any character except a newline.
        "^"      Matches the start of the string.
        "$"      Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at
                 the end of the string.
        "*"      Matches 0 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
                 Greedy means that it will match as many repetitions as possible.
        "+"      Matches 1 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
        "?"      Matches 0 or 1 (greedy) of the preceding RE.
        *?,+?,?? Non-greedy versions of the previous three special characters.
        {m,n}    Matches from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE.
        {m,n}?   Non-greedy version of the above.
        "\\"     Either escapes special characters or signals a special sequence.
        []       Indicates a set of characters.
                 A "^" as the first character indicates a complementing set.
        "|"      A|B, creates an RE that will match either A or B.
        (...)    Matches the RE inside the parentheses.
                 The contents can be retrieved or matched later in the string.
        (?aiLmsux) The letters set the corresponding flags defined below.
        (?:...)  Non-grouping version of regular parentheses.
        (?P<name>...) The substring matched by the group is accessible by name.
        (?P=name)     Matches the text matched earlier by the group named name.
        (?#...)  A comment; ignored.
        (?=...)  Matches if ... matches next, but doesn't consume the string.
        (?!...)  Matches if ... doesn't match next.
        (?<=...) Matches if preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
        (?<!...) Matches if not preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
        (?(id/name)yes|no) Matches yes pattern if the group with id/name matched,
                           the (optional) no pattern otherwise.

    The special sequences consist of "\\" and a character from the list
    below.  If the ordinary character is not on the list, then the
    resulting RE will match the second character.
        \number  Matches the contents of the group of the same number.
        \A       Matches only at the start of the string.
        \Z       Matches only at the end of the string.
        \b       Matches the empty string, but only at the start or end of a word.
        \B       Matches the empty string, but not at the start or end of a word.
        \d       Matches any decimal digit; equivalent to the set [0-9] in
                 bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
                 In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the whole
                 range of Unicode digits.
        \D       Matches any non-digit character; equivalent to [^\d].
        \s       Matches any whitespace character; equivalent to [ \t\n\r\f\v] in
                 bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
                 In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the whole
                 range of Unicode whitespace characters.
        \S       Matches any non-whitespace character; equivalent to [^\s].
        \w       Matches any alphanumeric character; equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_]
                 in bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
                 In string patterns without the ASCII flag, it will match the
                 range of Unicode alphanumeric characters (letters plus digits
                 plus underscore).
                 With LOCALE, it will match the set [0-9_] plus characters defined
                 as letters for the current locale.
        \W       Matches the complement of \w.
        \\       Matches a literal backslash.

    This module exports the following functions:
        match     Match a regular expression pattern to the beginning of a string.
        fullmatch Match a regular expression pattern to all of a string.
        search    Search a string for the presence of a pattern.
        sub       Substitute occurrences of a pattern found in a string.
        subn      Same as sub, but also return the number of substitutions made.
        split     Split a string by the occurrences of a pattern.
        findall   Find all occurrences of a pattern in a string.
        finditer  Return an iterator yielding a Match object for each match.
        compile   Compile a pattern into a Pattern object.
        purge     Clear the regular expression cache.
        escape    Backslash all non-alphanumerics in a string.

    Each function other than purge and escape can take an optional 'flags' argument
    consisting of one or more of the following module constants, joined by "|".
    A, L, and U are mutually exclusive.
        A  ASCII       For string patterns, make \w, \W, \b, \B, \d, \D
                       match the corresponding ASCII character categories
                       (rather than the whole Unicode categories, which is the
                       default).
                       For bytes patterns, this flag is the only available
                       behaviour and needn't be specified.
        I  IGNORECASE  Perform case-insensitive matching.
        L  LOCALE      Make \w, \W, \b, \B, dependent on the current locale.
        M  MULTILINE   "^" matches the beginning of lines (after a newline)
                       as well as the string.
                       "$" matches the end of lines (before a newline) as well
                       as the end of the string.
        S  DOTALL      "." matches any character at all, including the newline.
        X  VERBOSE     Ignore whitespace and comments for nicer looking RE's.
        U  UNICODE     For compatibility only. Ignored for string patterns (it
                       is the default), and forbidden for bytes patterns.

    This module also defines an exception 'error'.

PACKAGE CONTENTS
    _casefix
    _compiler
    _constants
    _parser

CLASSES
    builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
        error
    builtins.object
        Match
        Pattern
    enum.IntFlag(builtins.int, enum.ReprEnum, enum.Flag)
        RegexFlag

    class Match(builtins.object)
     |  The result of re.match() and re.search().
     |  Match objects always have a boolean value of True.
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __copy__(self, /)
     |
     |  __deepcopy__(self, memo, /)
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  end(self, group=0, /)
     |      Return index of the end of the substring matched by group.
     |
     |  expand(self, /, template)
     |      Return the string obtained by doing backslash substitution on the string template, as done by the sub() method.
     |
     |  group(...)
     |      group([group1, ...]) -> str or tuple.
     |      Return subgroup(s) of the match by indices or names.
     |      For 0 returns the entire match.
     |
     |  groupdict(self, /, default=None)
     |      Return a dictionary containing all the named subgroups of the match, keyed by the subgroup name.
     |
     |      default
     |        Is used for groups that did not participate in the match.
     |
     |  groups(self, /, default=None)
     |      Return a tuple containing all the subgroups of the match, from 1.
     |
     |      default
     |        Is used for groups that did not participate in the match.
     |
     |  span(self, group=0, /)
     |      For match object m, return the 2-tuple (m.start(group), m.end(group)).
     |
     |  start(self, group=0, /)
     |      Return index of the start of the substring matched by group.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods defined here:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  endpos
     |      The index into the string beyond which the RE engine will not go.
     |
     |  lastgroup
     |      The name of the last matched capturing group.
     |
     |  lastindex
     |      The integer index of the last matched capturing group.
     |
     |  pos
     |      The index into the string at which the RE engine started looking for a match.
     |
     |  re
     |      The regular expression object.
     |
     |  regs
     |
     |  string
     |      The string passed to match() or search().

    class Pattern(builtins.object)
     |  Compiled regular expression object.
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __copy__(self, /)
     |
     |  __deepcopy__(self, memo, /)
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  findall(self, /, string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)
     |      Return a list of all non-overlapping matches of pattern in string.
     |
     |  finditer(self, /, string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)
     |      Return an iterator over all non-overlapping matches for the RE pattern in string.
     |
     |      For each match, the iterator returns a match object.
     |
     |  fullmatch(self, /, string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)
     |      Matches against all of the string.
     |
     |  match(self, /, string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)
     |      Matches zero or more characters at the beginning of the string.
     |
     |  scanner(self, /, string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)
     |
     |  search(self, /, string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)
     |      Scan through string looking for a match, and return a corresponding match object instance.
     |
     |      Return None if no position in the string matches.
     |
     |  split(self, /, string, maxsplit=0)
     |      Split string by the occurrences of pattern.
     |
     |  sub(self, /, repl, string, count=0)
     |      Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern in string by the replacement repl.
     |
     |  subn(self, /, repl, string, count=0)
     |      Return the tuple (new_string, number_of_subs_made) found by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern with the replacement repl.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods defined here:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  flags
     |      The regex matching flags.
     |
     |  groupindex
     |      A dictionary mapping group names to group numbers.
     |
     |  groups
     |      The number of capturing groups in the pattern.
     |
     |  pattern
     |      The pattern string from which the RE object was compiled.

    class RegexFlag(enum.IntFlag)
     |  RegexFlag(*values)
     |
     |  An enumeration.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      RegexFlag
     |      enum.IntFlag
     |      builtins.int
     |      enum.ReprEnum
     |      enum.Flag
     |      enum.Enum
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __and__(self, other) from enum.Flag
     |
     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /) from builtins.int
     |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.
     |
     |  __invert__(self) from enum.Flag
     |
     |  __new__(cls, value) from enum.Enum
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __or__(self, other) from enum.Flag
     |      Return self|value.
     |
     |  __rand__ = __and__(self, other)
     |
     |  __repr__ = global_flag_repr(self) from enum
     |      use module.flag_name instead of class.flag_name
     |
     |      the module is the last module in case of a multi-module name
     |
     |  __ror__ = __or__(self, other)
     |
     |  __rxor__ = __xor__(self, other)
     |
     |  __str__(self, /) from builtins.object
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  __xor__(self, other) from enum.Flag
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  ASCII = re.ASCII
     |
     |  DEBUG = re.DEBUG
     |
     |  DOTALL = re.DOTALL
     |
     |  IGNORECASE = re.IGNORECASE
     |
     |  LOCALE = re.LOCALE
     |
     |  MULTILINE = re.MULTILINE
     |
     |  TEMPLATE = re.TEMPLATE
     |
     |  UNICODE = re.UNICODE
     |
     |  VERBOSE = re.VERBOSE
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.int:
     |
     |  __abs__(self, /)
     |      abs(self)
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __bool__(self, /)
     |      True if self else False
     |
     |  __ceil__(...)
     |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
     |
     |  __divmod__(self, value, /)
     |      Return divmod(self, value).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __float__(self, /)
     |      float(self)
     |
     |  __floor__(...)
     |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.
     |
     |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self//value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __index__(self, /)
     |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
     |
     |  __int__(self, /)
     |      int(self)
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __lshift__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<<value.
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mod__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self%value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __neg__(self, /)
     |      -self
     |
     |  __pos__(self, /)
     |      +self
     |
     |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
     |      Return pow(self, value, mod).
     |
     |  __radd__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value+self.
     |
     |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
     |      Return divmod(value, self).
     |
     |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value//self.
     |
     |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value<<self.
     |
     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value%self.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  __round__(...)
     |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.
     |
     |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
     |
     |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
     |      Return pow(value, self, mod).
     |
     |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value>>self.
     |
     |  __rshift__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>>value.
     |
     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value-self.
     |
     |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value/self.
     |
     |  __sizeof__(self, /)
     |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.
     |
     |  __sub__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self-value.
     |
     |  __truediv__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self/value.
     |
     |  __trunc__(...)
     |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.
     |
     |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)
     |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
     |
     |      The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
     |
     |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
     |      (10, 1)
     |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
     |      (-10, 1)
     |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
     |      (0, 1)
     |
     |  bit_count(self, /)
     |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
     |
     |      Also known as the population count.
     |
     |      >>> bin(13)
     |      '0b1101'
     |      >>> (13).bit_count()
     |      3
     |
     |  bit_length(self, /)
     |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
     |
     |      >>> bin(37)
     |      '0b100101'
     |      >>> (37).bit_length()
     |      6
     |
     |  conjugate(...)
     |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
     |
     |  is_integer(self, /)
     |      Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
     |
     |  to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
     |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
     |
     |      length
     |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
     |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
     |        is length 1.
     |      byteorder
     |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
     |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
     |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
     |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
     |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
     |      signed
     |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
     |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
     |        is raised.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.int:
     |
     |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
     |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
     |
     |      bytes
     |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
     |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
     |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
     |        buffer protocol.
     |      byteorder
     |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
     |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
     |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
     |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
     |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
     |      signed
     |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.int:
     |
     |  denominator
     |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
     |
     |  imag
     |      the imaginary part of a complex number
     |
     |  numerator
     |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
     |
     |  real
     |      the real part of a complex number
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from enum.Flag:
     |
     |  __contains__(self, other)
     |      Returns True if self has at least the same flags set as other.
     |
     |  __iter__(self)
     |      Returns flags in definition order.
     |
     |  __len__(self)
     |      Return the number of members (no aliases)
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from enum.Enum:
     |
     |  __dir__(self)
     |      Returns public methods and other interesting attributes.
     |
     |  __init__(self, *args, **kwds)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce_ex__(self, proto)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from enum.Enum:
     |
     |  name
     |      The name of the Enum member.
     |
     |  value
     |      The value of the Enum member.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from enum.EnumType:
     |
     |  __getitem__(name)
     |      Return the member matching `name`.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Readonly properties inherited from enum.EnumType:
     |
     |  __members__
     |      Returns a mapping of member name->value.
     |
     |      This mapping lists all enum members, including aliases. Note that this
     |      is a read-only view of the internal mapping.

    class error(builtins.Exception)
     |  error(msg, pattern=None, pos=None)
     |
     |  Exception raised for invalid regular expressions.
     |
     |  Attributes:
     |
     |      msg: The unformatted error message
     |      pattern: The regular expression pattern
     |      pos: The index in the pattern where compilation failed (may be None)
     |      lineno: The line corresponding to pos (may be None)
     |      colno: The column corresponding to pos (may be None)
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      error
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __init__(self, msg, pattern=None, pos=None) from re._constants.error
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

FUNCTIONS
    compile(pattern, flags=0)
        Compile a regular expression pattern, returning a Pattern object.

    escape(pattern)
        Escape special characters in a string.

    findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
        Return a list of all non-overlapping matches in the string.

        If one or more capturing groups are present in the pattern, return
        a list of groups; this will be a list of tuples if the pattern
        has more than one group.

        Empty matches are included in the result.

    finditer(pattern, string, flags=0)
        Return an iterator over all non-overlapping matches in the
        string.  For each match, the iterator returns a Match object.

        Empty matches are included in the result.

    fullmatch(pattern, string, flags=0)
        Try to apply the pattern to all of the string, returning
        a Match object, or None if no match was found.

    match(pattern, string, flags=0)
        Try to apply the pattern at the start of the string, returning
        a Match object, or None if no match was found.

    purge()
        Clear the regular expression caches

    search(pattern, string, flags=0)
        Scan through string looking for a match to the pattern, returning
        a Match object, or None if no match was found.

    split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)
        Split the source string by the occurrences of the pattern,
        returning a list containing the resulting substrings.  If
        capturing parentheses are used in pattern, then the text of all
        groups in the pattern are also returned as part of the resulting
        list.  If maxsplit is nonzero, at most maxsplit splits occur,
        and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element
        of the list.

    sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
        Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost
        non-overlapping occurrences of the pattern in string by the
        replacement repl.  repl can be either a string or a callable;
        if a string, backslash escapes in it are processed.  If it is
        a callable, it's passed the Match object and must return
        a replacement string to be used.

    subn(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
        Return a 2-tuple containing (new_string, number).
        new_string is the string obtained by replacing the leftmost
        non-overlapping occurrences of the pattern in the source
        string by the replacement repl.  number is the number of
        substitutions that were made. repl can be either a string or a
        callable; if a string, backslash escapes in it are processed.
        If it is a callable, it's passed the Match object and must
        return a replacement string to be used.

    template(pattern, flags=0)
        Compile a template pattern, returning a Pattern object, deprecated

DATA
    A = re.ASCII
    ASCII = re.ASCII
    DOTALL = re.DOTALL
    I = re.IGNORECASE
    IGNORECASE = re.IGNORECASE
    L = re.LOCALE
    LOCALE = re.LOCALE
    M = re.MULTILINE
    MULTILINE = re.MULTILINE
    NOFLAG = re.NOFLAG
    S = re.DOTALL
    U = re.UNICODE
    UNICODE = re.UNICODE
    VERBOSE = re.VERBOSE
    X = re.VERBOSE
    __all__ = ['match', 'fullmatch', 'search', 'sub', 'subn', 'split', 'fi...

VERSION
    2.2.1

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\re\__init__.py

Python Library Documentation: module shutil

NAME
    shutil - Utility functions for copying and archiving files and directory trees.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/shutil.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    XXX The functions here don't copy the resource fork or other metadata on Mac.

CLASSES
    builtins.OSError(builtins.Exception)
        Error
            SameFileError
        ExecError
        SpecialFileError

    class Error(builtins.OSError)
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      Error
     |      builtins.OSError
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

    class ExecError(builtins.OSError)
     |  Raised when a command could not be executed
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      ExecError
     |      builtins.OSError
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

    class SameFileError(Error)
     |  Raised when source and destination are the same file.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      SameFileError
     |      Error
     |      builtins.OSError
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors inherited from Error:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

    class SpecialFileError(builtins.OSError)
     |  Raised when trying to do a kind of operation (e.g. copying) which is
     |  not supported on a special file (e.g. a named pipe)
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      SpecialFileError
     |      builtins.OSError
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.OSError
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.OSError:
     |
     |  characters_written
     |
     |  errno
     |      POSIX exception code
     |
     |  filename
     |      exception filename
     |
     |  filename2
     |      second exception filename
     |
     |  strerror
     |      exception strerror
     |
     |  winerror
     |      Win32 exception code
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

FUNCTIONS
    chown(path, user=None, group=None)
        Change owner user and group of the given path.

        user and group can be the uid/gid or the user/group names, and in that case,
        they are converted to their respective uid/gid.

    copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
        Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). Return the file's destination.

        The destination may be a directory.

        If follow_symlinks is false, symlinks won't be followed. This
        resembles GNU's "cp -P src dst".

        If source and destination are the same file, a SameFileError will be
        raised.

    copy2(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
        Copy data and metadata. Return the file's destination.

        Metadata is copied with copystat(). Please see the copystat function
        for more information.

        The destination may be a directory.

        If follow_symlinks is false, symlinks won't be followed. This
        resembles GNU's "cp -P src dst".

    copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
        Copy data from src to dst in the most efficient way possible.

        If follow_symlinks is not set and src is a symbolic link, a new
        symlink will be created instead of copying the file it points to.

    copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=0)
        copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst

    copymode(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
        Copy mode bits from src to dst.

        If follow_symlinks is not set, symlinks aren't followed if and only
        if both `src` and `dst` are symlinks.  If `lchmod` isn't available
        (e.g. Linux) this method does nothing.

    copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
        Copy file metadata

        Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and
        flags from `src` to `dst`. On Linux, copystat() also copies the "extended
        attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are
        unaffected. `src` and `dst` are path-like objects or path names given as
        strings.

        If the optional flag `follow_symlinks` is not set, symlinks aren't
        followed if and only if both `src` and `dst` are symlinks.

    copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=<function copy2 at 0x000001EBFBA03880>, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, dirs_exist_ok=False)
        Recursively copy a directory tree and return the destination directory.

        If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.

        If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
        source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
        it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
        links are copied. If the file pointed to by the symlink doesn't
        exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in
        an Error exception at the end of the copy process.

        You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you
        want to silence this exception. Notice that this has no effect on
        platforms that don't support os.symlink.

        The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
        is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
        being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
        `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():

            callable(src, names) -> ignored_names

        Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
        called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
        list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
        not be copied.

        The optional copy_function argument is a callable that will be used
        to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the
        destination path as arguments. By default, copy2() is used, but any
        function that supports the same signature (like copy()) can be used.

        If dirs_exist_ok is false (the default) and `dst` already exists, a
        `FileExistsError` is raised. If `dirs_exist_ok` is true, the copying
        operation will continue if it encounters existing directories, and files
        within the `dst` tree will be overwritten by corresponding files from the
        `src` tree.

    disk_usage(path)
        Return disk usage statistics about the given path.

        Returned values is a named tuple with attributes 'total', 'used' and
        'free', which are the amount of total, used and free space, in bytes.

    get_archive_formats()
        Returns a list of supported formats for archiving and unarchiving.

        Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description)

    get_terminal_size(fallback=(80, 24))
        Get the size of the terminal window.

        For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, COLUMNS
        and LINES respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and
        the value is a positive integer, it is used.

        When COLUMNS or LINES is not defined, which is the common case,
        the terminal connected to sys.__stdout__ is queried
        by invoking os.get_terminal_size.

        If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because
        the system doesn't support querying, or because we are not
        connected to a terminal, the value given in fallback parameter
        is used. Fallback defaults to (80, 24) which is the default
        size used by many terminal emulators.

        The value returned is a named tuple of type os.terminal_size.

    get_unpack_formats()
        Returns a list of supported formats for unpacking.

        Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
        (name, extensions, description)

    ignore_patterns(*patterns)
        Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.

        Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
        that are used to exclude files

    make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None)
        Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).

        'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
        extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar",
        "bztar", or "xztar".  Or any other registered format.

        'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
        archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
        archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
        ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
        directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
        to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.

        'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
        uses the current owner and group.

    move(src, dst, copy_function=<function copy2 at 0x000001EBFBA03880>)
        Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
        similar to the Unix "mv" command. Return the file or directory's
        destination.

        If dst is an existing directory or a symlink to a directory, then src is
        moved inside that directory. The destination path in that directory must
        not already exist.

        If dst already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten
        depending on os.rename() semantics.

        If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
        Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. Symlinks are
        recreated under the new name if os.rename() fails because of cross
        filesystem renames.

        The optional `copy_function` argument is a callable that will be used
        to copy the source or it will be delegated to `copytree`.
        By default, copy2() is used, but any function that supports the same
        signature (like copy()) can be used.

        A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
        the issues this implementation glosses over.

    register_archive_format(name, function, extra_args=None, description='')
        Registers an archive format.

        name is the name of the format. function is the callable that will be
        used to create archives. If provided, extra_args is a sequence of
        (name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
        description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
        by the get_archive_formats() function.

    register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function, extra_args=None, description='')
        Registers an unpack format.

        `name` is the name of the format. `extensions` is a list of extensions
        corresponding to the format.

        `function` is the callable that will be
        used to unpack archives. The callable will receive archives to unpack.
        If it's unable to handle an archive, it needs to raise a ReadError
        exception.

        If provided, `extra_args` is a sequence of
        (name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
        description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
        by the get_unpack_formats() function.

    rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None, *, onexc=None, dir_fd=None)
        Recursively delete a directory tree.

        If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory;
        path will then be relative to that directory.
        dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
        If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.

        If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onexc or
        onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
        path, exc_info) where func is platform and implementation dependent;
        path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
        the value of exc_info describes the exception. For onexc it is the
        exception instance, and for onerror it is a tuple as returned by
        sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors is false and both onexc and
        onerror are None, the exception is reraised.

        onerror is deprecated and only remains for backwards compatibility.
        If both onerror and onexc are set, onerror is ignored and onexc is used.

    unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None, *, filter=None)
        Unpack an archive.

        `filename` is the name of the archive.

        `extract_dir` is the name of the target directory, where the archive
        is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.

        `format` is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar",
        or "xztar".  Or any other registered format.  If not provided,
        unpack_archive will use the filename extension and see if an unpacker
        was registered for that extension.

        In case none is found, a ValueError is raised.

        If `filter` is given, it is passed to the underlying
        extraction function.

    unregister_archive_format(name)

    unregister_unpack_format(name)
        Removes the pack format from the registry.

    which(cmd, mode=1, path=None)
        Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
        conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
        file.

        `mode` defaults to os.F_OK | os.X_OK. `path` defaults to the result
        of os.environ.get("PATH"), or can be overridden with a custom search
        path.

DATA
    __all__ = ['copyfileobj', 'copyfile', 'copymode', 'copystat', 'copy', ...

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\shutil.py

Python Library Documentation: module stat

NAME
    stat - Constants/functions for interpreting results of os.stat() and os.lstat().

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/stat.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    Suggested usage: from stat import *

FUNCTIONS
    S_IFMT(...)
        Return the portion of the file's mode that describes the file type.

    S_IMODE(...)
        Return the portion of the file's mode that can be set by os.chmod().

    S_ISBLK(...)
        S_ISBLK(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a block special device file.

    S_ISCHR(...)
        S_ISCHR(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a character special device file.

    S_ISDIR(...)
        S_ISDIR(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a directory.

    S_ISDOOR(...)
        S_ISDOOR(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a door.

    S_ISFIFO(...)
        S_ISFIFO(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a FIFO (named pipe).

    S_ISLNK(...)
        S_ISLNK(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a symbolic link.

    S_ISPORT(...)
        S_ISPORT(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from an event port.

    S_ISREG(...)
        S_ISREG(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a regular file.

    S_ISSOCK(...)
        S_ISSOCK(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a socket.

    S_ISWHT(...)
        S_ISWHT(mode) -> bool

        Return True if mode is from a whiteout.

    filemode(...)
        Convert a file's mode to a string of the form '-rwxrwxrwx'

DATA
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE = 32
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED = 2048
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE = 64
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY = 16
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED = 16384
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN = 2
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAM = 32768
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL = 128
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED = 8192
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATA = 131072
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE = 4096
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY = 1
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE = 512
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM = 4
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY = 256
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL = 65536
    IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK = 2147483675
    IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT = 2684354563
    IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
    SF_APPEND = 262144
    SF_ARCHIVED = 65536
    SF_IMMUTABLE = 131072
    SF_NOUNLINK = 1048576
    SF_SNAPSHOT = 2097152
    ST_ATIME = 7
    ST_CTIME = 9
    ST_DEV = 2
    ST_GID = 5
    ST_INO = 1
    ST_MODE = 0
    ST_MTIME = 8
    ST_NLINK = 3
    ST_SIZE = 6
    ST_UID = 4
    S_ENFMT = 1024
    S_IEXEC = 64
    S_IFBLK = 24576
    S_IFCHR = 8192
    S_IFDIR = 16384
    S_IFDOOR = 0
    S_IFIFO = 4096
    S_IFLNK = 40960
    S_IFPORT = 0
    S_IFREG = 32768
    S_IFSOCK = 49152
    S_IFWHT = 0
    S_IREAD = 256
    S_IRGRP = 32
    S_IROTH = 4
    S_IRUSR = 256
    S_IRWXG = 56
    S_IRWXO = 7
    S_IRWXU = 448
    S_ISGID = 1024
    S_ISUID = 2048
    S_ISVTX = 512
    S_IWGRP = 16
    S_IWOTH = 2
    S_IWRITE = 128
    S_IWUSR = 128
    S_IXGRP = 8
    S_IXOTH = 1
    S_IXUSR = 64
    UF_APPEND = 4
    UF_COMPRESSED = 32
    UF_HIDDEN = 32768
    UF_IMMUTABLE = 2
    UF_NODUMP = 1
    UF_NOUNLINK = 16
    UF_OPAQUE = 8

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\stat.py

Python Library Documentation: function stn in module tarfile

stn(s, length, encoding, errors)
    Convert a string to a null-terminated bytes object.

Python Library Documentation: module struct

NAME
    struct

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/struct.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    Functions to convert between Python values and C structs.
    Python bytes objects are used to hold the data representing the C struct
    and also as format strings (explained below) to describe the layout of data
    in the C struct.

    The optional first format char indicates byte order, size and alignment:
      @: native order, size & alignment (default)
      =: native order, std. size & alignment
      <: little-endian, std. size & alignment
      >: big-endian, std. size & alignment
      !: same as >

    The remaining chars indicate types of args and must match exactly;
    these can be preceded by a decimal repeat count:
      x: pad byte (no data); c:char; b:signed byte; B:unsigned byte;
      ?: _Bool (requires C99; if not available, char is used instead)
      h:short; H:unsigned short; i:int; I:unsigned int;
      l:long; L:unsigned long; f:float; d:double; e:half-float.
    Special cases (preceding decimal count indicates length):
      s:string (array of char); p: pascal string (with count byte).
    Special cases (only available in native format):
      n:ssize_t; N:size_t;
      P:an integer type that is wide enough to hold a pointer.
    Special case (not in native mode unless 'long long' in platform C):
      q:long long; Q:unsigned long long
    Whitespace between formats is ignored.

    The variable struct.error is an exception raised on errors.

CLASSES
    builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
        error
    builtins.object
        _struct.Struct

    class Struct(builtins.object)
     |  Struct(fmt) --> compiled struct object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)
     |      Implement delattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).
     |
     |  __sizeof__(...)
     |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
     |
     |  iter_unpack(self, buffer, /)
     |      Return an iterator yielding tuples.
     |
     |      Tuples are unpacked from the given bytes source, like a repeated
     |      invocation of unpack_from().
     |
     |      Requires that the bytes length be a multiple of the struct size.
     |
     |  pack(...)
     |      S.pack(v1, v2, ...) -> bytes
     |
     |      Return a bytes object containing values v1, v2, ... packed according
     |      to the format string S.format.  See help(struct) for more on format
     |      strings.
     |
     |  pack_into(...)
     |      S.pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)
     |
     |      Pack the values v1, v2, ... according to the format string S.format
     |      and write the packed bytes into the writable buffer buf starting at
     |      offset.  Note that the offset is a required argument.  See
     |      help(struct) for more on format strings.
     |
     |  unpack(self, buffer, /)
     |      Return a tuple containing unpacked values.
     |
     |      Unpack according to the format string Struct.format. The buffer's size
     |      in bytes must be Struct.size.
     |
     |      See help(struct) for more on format strings.
     |
     |  unpack_from(self, /, buffer, offset=0)
     |      Return a tuple containing unpacked values.
     |
     |      Values are unpacked according to the format string Struct.format.
     |
     |      The buffer's size in bytes, starting at position offset, must be
     |      at least Struct.size.
     |
     |      See help(struct) for more on format strings.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  format
     |      struct format string
     |
     |  size
     |      struct size in bytes

    class error(builtins.Exception)
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      error
     |      builtins.Exception
     |      builtins.BaseException
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
     |
     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.Exception
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  __setstate__(...)
     |
     |  __str__(self, /)
     |      Return str(self).
     |
     |  add_note(...)
     |      Exception.add_note(note) --
     |      add a note to the exception
     |
     |  with_traceback(...)
     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
     |
     |  __cause__
     |      exception cause
     |
     |  __context__
     |      exception context
     |
     |  __dict__
     |
     |  __suppress_context__
     |
     |  __traceback__
     |
     |  args

FUNCTIONS
    calcsize(format, /)
        Return size in bytes of the struct described by the format string.

    iter_unpack(format, buffer, /)
        Return an iterator yielding tuples unpacked from the given bytes.

        The bytes are unpacked according to the format string, like
        a repeated invocation of unpack_from().

        Requires that the bytes length be a multiple of the format struct size.

    pack(...)
        pack(format, v1, v2, ...) -> bytes

        Return a bytes object containing the values v1, v2, ... packed according
        to the format string.  See help(struct) for more on format strings.

    pack_into(...)
        pack_into(format, buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)

        Pack the values v1, v2, ... according to the format string and write
        the packed bytes into the writable buffer buf starting at offset.  Note
        that the offset is a required argument.  See help(struct) for more
        on format strings.

    unpack(format, buffer, /)
        Return a tuple containing values unpacked according to the format string.

        The buffer's size in bytes must be calcsize(format).

        See help(struct) for more on format strings.

    unpack_from(format, /, buffer, offset=0)
        Return a tuple containing values unpacked according to the format string.

        The buffer's size, minus offset, must be at least calcsize(format).

        See help(struct) for more on format strings.

DATA
    __all__ = ['calcsize', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from', '...

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\struct.py

Python Library Documentation: tuple object

class tuple(object)
 |  tuple(iterable=(), /)
 |
 |  Built-in immutable sequence.
 |
 |  If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
 |  If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
 |
 |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 |
 |  Built-in subclasses:
 |      asyncgen_hooks
 |      UnraisableHookArgs
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return bool(key in self).
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |
 |  count(self, value, /)
 |      Return number of occurrences of value.
 |
 |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
 |      Return first index of value.
 |
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  __class_getitem__(...)
 |      See PEP 585
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

Python Library Documentation: built-in module sys

NAME
    sys

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sys.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
    interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.

    Dynamic objects:

    argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
    path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
    modules -- dictionary of loaded modules

    displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
    excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
      To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
      top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.

    stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
    stdout -- standard output file object; used by print()
    stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
      By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
      to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.

    last_exc - the last uncaught exception
      Only available in an interactive session after a
      traceback has been printed.
    last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
    last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
    last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
      These three are the (deprecated) legacy representation of last_exc.

    Static objects:

    builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
    copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
    exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
    executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
    float_info -- a named tuple with information about the float implementation.
    float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
    hash_info -- a named tuple with information about the hash algorithm.
    hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
    implementation -- Python implementation information.
    int_info -- a named tuple with information about the int implementation.
    maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
    maxunicode -- the value of the largest Unicode code point
    platform -- platform identifier
    prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
    thread_info -- a named tuple with information about the thread implementation.
    version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
    version_info -- version information as a named tuple
    dllhandle -- [Windows only] integer handle of the Python DLL
    winver -- [Windows only] version number of the Python DLL
    _enablelegacywindowsfsencoding -- [Windows only]
    __stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
    __stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
    __stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
    __displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
    __excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!

    Functions:

    displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in builtins._
    excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
    exception() -- return the current thread's active exception
    exc_info() -- return information about the current thread's active exception
    exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
    getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
    getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
    getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
    getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
    getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
    gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
    setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
    setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
    setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
    settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function

SUBMODULES
    monitoring

FUNCTIONS
    __breakpointhook__ = breakpointhook(...)
        breakpointhook(*args, **kws)

        This hook function is called by built-in breakpoint().

    __displayhook__ = displayhook(object, /)
        Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._

    __excepthook__ = excepthook(exctype, value, traceback, /)
        Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.

    __unraisablehook__ = unraisablehook(unraisable, /)
        Handle an unraisable exception.

        The unraisable argument has the following attributes:

        * exc_type: Exception type.
        * exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
        * exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
        * err_msg: Error message, can be None.
        * object: Object causing the exception, can be None.

    activate_stack_trampoline(backend, /)
        Activate stack profiler trampoline *backend*.

    addaudithook(hook)
        Adds a new audit hook callback.

    audit(...)
        audit(event, *args)

        Passes the event to any audit hooks that are attached.

    breakpointhook(...)
        breakpointhook(*args, **kws)

        This hook function is called by built-in breakpoint().

    call_tracing(func, args, /)
        Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled.

        The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards.  This is intended
        to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug
        some other code.

    deactivate_stack_trampoline()
        Deactivate the current stack profiler trampoline backend.

        If no stack profiler is activated, this function has no effect.

    displayhook(object, /)
        Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._

    exc_info()
        Return current exception information: (type, value, traceback).

        Return information about the most recent exception caught by an except
        clause in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame.

    excepthook(exctype, value, traceback, /)
        Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.

    exception()
        Return the current exception.

        Return the most recent exception caught by an except clause
        in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame, or None
        if no such exception exists.

    exit(status=None, /)
        Exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit(status).

        If the status is omitted or None, it defaults to zero (i.e., success).
        If the status is an integer, it will be used as the system exit status.
        If it is another kind of object, it will be printed and the system
        exit status will be one (i.e., failure).

    get_asyncgen_hooks()
        Return the installed asynchronous generators hooks.

        This returns a namedtuple of the form (firstiter, finalizer).

    get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
        Check status of origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.

    get_int_max_str_digits()
        Return the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.

    getallocatedblocks()
        Return the number of memory blocks currently allocated.

    getdefaultencoding()
        Return the current default encoding used by the Unicode implementation.

    getfilesystemencodeerrors()
        Return the error mode used Unicode to OS filename conversion.

    getfilesystemencoding()
        Return the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames to OS filenames.

    getprofile()
        Return the profiling function set with sys.setprofile.

        See the profiler chapter in the library manual.

    getrecursionlimit()
        Return the current value of the recursion limit.

        The recursion limit is the maximum depth of the Python interpreter
        stack.  This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow
        of the C stack and crashing Python.

    getrefcount(object, /)
        Return the reference count of object.

        The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect,
        because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to
        getrefcount().

    getsizeof(...)
        getsizeof(object [, default]) -> int

        Return the size of object in bytes.

    getswitchinterval()
        Return the current thread switch interval; see sys.setswitchinterval().

    gettrace()
        Return the global debug tracing function set with sys.settrace.

        See the debugger chapter in the library manual.

    getunicodeinternedsize()
        Return the number of elements of the unicode interned dictionary

    getwindowsversion()
        Return info about the running version of Windows as a named tuple.

        The members are named: major, minor, build, platform, service_pack,
        service_pack_major, service_pack_minor, suite_mask, product_type and
        platform_version. For backward compatibility, only the first 5 items
        are available by indexing. All elements are numbers, except
        service_pack and platform_type which are strings, and platform_version
        which is a 3-tuple. Platform is always 2. Product_type may be 1 for a
        workstation, 2 for a domain controller, 3 for a server.
        Platform_version is a 3-tuple containing a version number that is
        intended for identifying the OS rather than feature detection.

    intern(string, /)
        ``Intern'' the given string.

        This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose
        purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or
        the previously interned string object with the same value.

    is_finalizing()
        Return True if Python is exiting.

    is_stack_trampoline_active()
        Return *True* if a stack profiler trampoline is active.

    set_asyncgen_hooks(...)
        set_asyncgen_hooks([firstiter] [, finalizer])

        Set a finalizer for async generators objects.

    set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(depth)
        Enable or disable origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.

        Coroutine objects will track 'depth' frames of traceback information
        about where they came from, available in their cr_origin attribute.

        Set a depth of 0 to disable.

    set_int_max_str_digits(maxdigits)
        Set the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.

    setprofile(...)
        setprofile(function)

        Set the profiling function.  It will be called on each function call
        and return.  See the profiler chapter in the library manual.

    setrecursionlimit(limit, /)
        Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to n.

        This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C
        stack and crashing Python.  The highest possible limit is platform-
        dependent.

    setswitchinterval(interval, /)
        Set the ideal thread switching delay inside the Python interpreter.

        The actual frequency of switching threads can be lower if the
        interpreter executes long sequences of uninterruptible code
        (this is implementation-specific and workload-dependent).

        The parameter must represent the desired switching delay in seconds
        A typical value is 0.005 (5 milliseconds).

    settrace(...)
        settrace(function)

        Set the global debug tracing function.  It will be called on each
        function call.  See the debugger chapter in the library manual.

    unraisablehook(unraisable, /)
        Handle an unraisable exception.

        The unraisable argument has the following attributes:

        * exc_type: Exception type.
        * exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
        * exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
        * err_msg: Error message, can be None.
        * object: Object causing the exception, can be None.

DATA
    __stderr__ = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='cp1...
    __stdin__ = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='utf-8...
    __stdout__ = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='cp1...
    api_version = 1013
    argv = [r'f:\JoeyCodes\PyDocs\py_docs.py', '--worker', 'tarfile', r'F:...
    base_exec_prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Pyth...
    base_prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312...
    builtin_module_names = ('_abc', '_ast', '_bisect', '_blake2', '_codecs...
    byteorder = 'little'
    copyright = 'Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundati...ematis...
    dllhandle = 140727031824384
    dont_write_bytecode = False
    exec_prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312...
    executable = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\...
    flags = sys.flags(debug=0, inspect=0, interactive=0, opt...ding=0, saf...
    float_info = sys.float_info(max=1.7976931348623157e+308, max_...epsilo...
    float_repr_style = 'short'
    hash_info = sys.hash_info(width=64, modulus=2305843009213693...iphash1...
    hexversion = 51119856
    implementation = namespace(name='cpython', cache_tag='cpython-312...as...
    int_info = sys.int_info(bits_per_digit=30, sizeof_digit=4, ..._str_dig...
    maxsize = 9223372036854775807
    maxunicode = 1114111
    meta_path = [<_distutils_hack.DistutilsMetaFinder object>, <class '_fr...
    modules = {'__future__': <module '__future__' from 'C:\\Users\\Youse\\...
    orig_argv = [r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\...
    path = [r'f:\JoeyCodes\PyDocs', r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Program...
    path_hooks = [<class 'zipimport.zipimporter'>, <function FileFinder.pa...
    path_importer_cache = {r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\...
    platform = 'win32'
    platlibdir = 'DLLs'
    prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312'
    pycache_prefix = None
    stderr = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='cp1252'...
    stdin = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='utf-8'>
    stdlib_module_names = frozenset({'__future__', '_abc', '_aix_support',...
    stdout = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='cp1252'...
    thread_info = sys.thread_info(name='nt', lock=None, version=None)
    version = '3.12.6 (tags/v3.12.6:a4a2d2b, Sep  6 2024, 20:11:23) [MSC v...
    version_info = sys.version_info(major=3, minor=12, micro=6, releaselev...
    warnoptions = []
    winver = '3.12'

FILE
    (built-in)

Python Library Documentation: function tar_filter in module tarfile

tar_filter(member, dest_path)

Python Library Documentation: built-in module time

NAME
    time - This module provides various functions to manipulate time values.

DESCRIPTION
    There are two standard representations of time.  One is the number
    of seconds since the Epoch, in UTC (a.k.a. GMT).  It may be an integer
    or a floating-point number (to represent fractions of seconds).
    The epoch is the point where the time starts, the return value of time.gmtime(0).
    It is January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC) on all platforms.

    The other representation is a tuple of 9 integers giving local time.
    The tuple items are:
      year (including century, e.g. 1998)
      month (1-12)
      day (1-31)
      hours (0-23)
      minutes (0-59)
      seconds (0-59)
      weekday (0-6, Monday is 0)
      Julian day (day in the year, 1-366)
      DST (Daylight Savings Time) flag (-1, 0 or 1)
    If the DST flag is 0, the time is given in the regular time zone;
    if it is 1, the time is given in the DST time zone;
    if it is -1, mktime() should guess based on the date and time.

CLASSES
    builtins.tuple(builtins.object)
        struct_time

    class struct_time(builtins.tuple)
     |  struct_time(iterable=(), /)
     |
     |  The time value as returned by gmtime(), localtime(), and strptime(), and
     |  accepted by asctime(), mktime() and strftime().  May be considered as a
     |  sequence of 9 integers.
     |
     |  Note that several fields' values are not the same as those defined by
     |  the C language standard for struct tm.  For example, the value of the
     |  field tm_year is the actual year, not year - 1900.  See individual
     |  fields' descriptions for details.
     |
     |  Method resolution order:
     |      struct_time
     |      builtins.tuple
     |      builtins.object
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __reduce__(...)
     |      Helper for pickle.
     |
     |  __repr__(self, /)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Static methods defined here:
     |
     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)
     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  tm_gmtoff
     |      offset from UTC in seconds
     |
     |  tm_hour
     |      hours, range [0, 23]
     |
     |  tm_isdst
     |      1 if summer time is in effect, 0 if not, and -1 if unknown
     |
     |  tm_mday
     |      day of month, range [1, 31]
     |
     |  tm_min
     |      minutes, range [0, 59]
     |
     |  tm_mon
     |      month of year, range [1, 12]
     |
     |  tm_sec
     |      seconds, range [0, 61])
     |
     |  tm_wday
     |      day of week, range [0, 6], Monday is 0
     |
     |  tm_yday
     |      day of year, range [1, 366]
     |
     |  tm_year
     |      year, for example, 1993
     |
     |  tm_zone
     |      abbreviation of timezone name
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data and other attributes defined here:
     |
     |  __match_args__ = ('tm_year', 'tm_mon', 'tm_mday', 'tm_hour', 'tm_min',...
     |
     |  n_fields = 11
     |
     |  n_sequence_fields = 9
     |
     |  n_unnamed_fields = 0
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __add__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self+value.
     |
     |  __contains__(self, key, /)
     |      Return bool(key in self).
     |
     |  __eq__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self==value.
     |
     |  __ge__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>=value.
     |
     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
     |      Return getattr(self, name).
     |
     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
     |      Return self[key].
     |
     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)
     |
     |  __gt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self>value.
     |
     |  __hash__(self, /)
     |      Return hash(self).
     |
     |  __iter__(self, /)
     |      Implement iter(self).
     |
     |  __le__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<=value.
     |
     |  __len__(self, /)
     |      Return len(self).
     |
     |  __lt__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self<value.
     |
     |  __mul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self*value.
     |
     |  __ne__(self, value, /)
     |      Return self!=value.
     |
     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
     |      Return value*self.
     |
     |  count(self, value, /)
     |      Return number of occurrences of value.
     |
     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
     |      Return first index of value.
     |
     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
     |
     |  __class_getitem__(...)
     |      See PEP 585

FUNCTIONS
    asctime(...)
        asctime([tuple]) -> string

        Convert a time tuple to a string, e.g. 'Sat Jun 06 16:26:11 1998'.
        When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime()
        is used.

    ctime(...)
        ctime(seconds) -> string

        Convert a time in seconds since the Epoch to a string in local time.
        This is equivalent to asctime(localtime(seconds)). When the time tuple is
        not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used.

    get_clock_info(...)
        get_clock_info(name: str) -> dict

        Get information of the specified clock.

    gmtime(...)
        gmtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year, tm_mon, tm_mday, tm_hour, tm_min,
                               tm_sec, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst)

        Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing UTC (a.k.a.
        GMT).  When 'seconds' is not passed in, convert the current time instead.

        If the platform supports the tm_gmtoff and tm_zone, they are available as
        attributes only.

    localtime(...)
        localtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min,
                                  tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst)

        Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing local time.
        When 'seconds' is not passed in, convert the current time instead.

    mktime(...)
        mktime(tuple) -> floating-point number

        Convert a time tuple in local time to seconds since the Epoch.
        Note that mktime(gmtime(0)) will not generally return zero for most
        time zones; instead the returned value will either be equal to that
        of the timezone or altzone attributes on the time module.

    monotonic(...)
        monotonic() -> float

        Monotonic clock, cannot go backward.

    monotonic_ns(...)
        monotonic_ns() -> int

        Monotonic clock, cannot go backward, as nanoseconds.

    perf_counter(...)
        perf_counter() -> float

        Performance counter for benchmarking.

    perf_counter_ns(...)
        perf_counter_ns() -> int

        Performance counter for benchmarking as nanoseconds.

    process_time(...)
        process_time() -> float

        Process time for profiling: sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time.

    process_time_ns(...)
        process_time() -> int

        Process time for profiling as nanoseconds:
        sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time.

    sleep(...)
        sleep(seconds)

        Delay execution for a given number of seconds.  The argument may be
        a floating-point number for subsecond precision.

    strftime(...)
        strftime(format[, tuple]) -> string

        Convert a time tuple to a string according to a format specification.
        See the library reference manual for formatting codes. When the time tuple
        is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used.

        Commonly used format codes:

        %Y  Year with century as a decimal number.
        %m  Month as a decimal number [01,12].
        %d  Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
        %H  Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
        %M  Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
        %S  Second as a decimal number [00,61].
        %z  Time zone offset from UTC.
        %a  Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
        %A  Locale's full weekday name.
        %b  Locale's abbreviated month name.
        %B  Locale's full month name.
        %c  Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
        %I  Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
        %p  Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.

        Other codes may be available on your platform.  See documentation for
        the C library strftime function.

    strptime(...)
        strptime(string, format) -> struct_time

        Parse a string to a time tuple according to a format specification.
        See the library reference manual for formatting codes (same as
        strftime()).

        Commonly used format codes:

        %Y  Year with century as a decimal number.
        %m  Month as a decimal number [01,12].
        %d  Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
        %H  Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
        %M  Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
        %S  Second as a decimal number [00,61].
        %z  Time zone offset from UTC.
        %a  Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
        %A  Locale's full weekday name.
        %b  Locale's abbreviated month name.
        %B  Locale's full month name.
        %c  Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
        %I  Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
        %p  Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.

        Other codes may be available on your platform.  See documentation for
        the C library strftime function.

    thread_time(...)
        thread_time() -> float

        Thread time for profiling: sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time.

    thread_time_ns(...)
        thread_time() -> int

        Thread time for profiling as nanoseconds:
        sum of the kernel and user-space CPU time.

    time(...)
        time() -> floating-point number

        Return the current time in seconds since the Epoch.
        Fractions of a second may be present if the system clock provides them.

    time_ns(...)
        time_ns() -> int

        Return the current time in nanoseconds since the Epoch.

DATA
    altzone = -10800
    daylight = 1
    timezone = -7200
    tzname = ('Egypt Standard Time', 'Egypt Daylight Time')

FILE
    (built-in)

Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for '0.9.0'.
Use help() to get the interactive help utility.
Use help(str) for help on the str class.

Python Library Documentation: module warnings

NAME
    warnings - Python part of the warnings subsystem.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/warnings.html

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

CLASSES
    builtins.object
        catch_warnings

    class catch_warnings(builtins.object)
     |  catch_warnings(*, record=False, module=None, action=None, category=<class 'Warning'>, lineno=0, append=False)
     |
     |  A context manager that copies and restores the warnings filter upon
     |  exiting the context.
     |
     |  The 'record' argument specifies whether warnings should be captured by a
     |  custom implementation of warnings.showwarning() and be appended to a list
     |  returned by the context manager. Otherwise None is returned by the context
     |  manager. The objects appended to the list are arguments whose attributes
     |  mirror the arguments to showwarning().
     |
     |  The 'module' argument is to specify an alternative module to the module
     |  named 'warnings' and imported under that name. This argument is only useful
     |  when testing the warnings module itself.
     |
     |  If the 'action' argument is not None, the remaining arguments are passed
     |  to warnings.simplefilter() as if it were called immediately on entering the
     |  context.
     |
     |  Methods defined here:
     |
     |  __enter__(self)
     |
     |  __exit__(self, *exc_info)
     |
     |  __init__(self, *, record=False, module=None, action=None, category=<class 'Warning'>, lineno=0, append=False)
     |      Specify whether to record warnings and if an alternative module
     |      should be used other than sys.modules['warnings'].
     |
     |      For compatibility with Python 3.0, please consider all arguments to be
     |      keyword-only.
     |
     |  __repr__(self)
     |      Return repr(self).
     |
     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Data descriptors defined here:
     |
     |  __dict__
     |      dictionary for instance variables
     |
     |  __weakref__
     |      list of weak references to the object

FUNCTIONS
    filterwarnings(action, message='', category=<class 'Warning'>, module='', lineno=0, append=False)
        Insert an entry into the list of warnings filters (at the front).

        'action' -- one of "error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
                    or "once"
        'message' -- a regex that the warning message must match
        'category' -- a class that the warning must be a subclass of
        'module' -- a regex that the module name must match
        'lineno' -- an integer line number, 0 matches all warnings
        'append' -- if true, append to the list of filters

    formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line=None)
        Function to format a warning the standard way.

    resetwarnings()
        Clear the list of warning filters, so that no filters are active.

    showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None)
        Hook to write a warning to a file; replace if you like.

    simplefilter(action, category=<class 'Warning'>, lineno=0, append=False)
        Insert a simple entry into the list of warnings filters (at the front).

        A simple filter matches all modules and messages.
        'action' -- one of "error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
                    or "once"
        'category' -- a class that the warning must be a subclass of
        'lineno' -- an integer line number, 0 matches all warnings
        'append' -- if true, append to the list of filters

    warn(...)
        Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception.

        message
          Text of the warning message.
        category
          The Warning category subclass. Defaults to UserWarning.
        stacklevel
          How far up the call stack to make this warning appear. A value of 2 for
          example attributes the warning to the caller of the code calling warn().
        source
          If supplied, the destroyed object which emitted a ResourceWarning
        skip_file_prefixes
          An optional tuple of module filename prefixes indicating frames to skip
          during stacklevel computations for stack frame attribution.

    warn_explicit(...)
        Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception.

DATA
    __all__ = ['warn', 'warn_explicit', 'showwarning', 'formatwarning', 'f...

FILE
    c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\warnings.py