os API Reference
Full documentation for os (Standard Library / Native)
os.DirEntry
Python Library Documentation: class DirEntry in module nt class DirEntry(builtins.object) | Methods defined here: | | __fspath__(self, /) | Returns the path for the entry. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | inode(self, /) | Return inode of the entry; cached per entry. | | is_dir(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) | Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry. | | is_file(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) | Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry. | | is_junction(self, /) | Return True if the entry is a junction; cached per entry. | | is_symlink(self, /) | Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry. | | stat(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) | Return stat_result object for the entry; cached per entry. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | __class_getitem__(...) | See PEP 585 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | name | the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() "path" argument | | path | the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name)
os.EX_OK
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.F_OK
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.GenericAlias
Python Library Documentation: class GenericAlias in module types class GenericAlias(builtins.object) | Represent a PEP 585 generic type | | E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,). | | Methods defined here: | | __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Call self as a function. | | __dir__(...) | Default dir() implementation. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getitem__(self, key, /) | Return self[key]. | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __instancecheck__(...) | Check if an object is an instance. | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mro_entries__(...) | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __or__(self, value, /) | Return self|value. | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, value, /) | Return value|self. | | __subclasscheck__(...) | Check if a class is a subclass. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | __args__ | | __origin__ | | __parameters__ | Type variables in the GenericAlias. | | __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__ | | __unpacked__
os.Mapping
Python Library Documentation: class Mapping in module collections.abc
class Mapping(Collection)
| A Mapping is a generic container for associating key/value
| pairs.
|
| This class provides concrete generic implementations of all
| methods except for __getitem__, __iter__, and __len__.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Mapping
| Collection
| Sized
| Iterable
| Container
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __contains__(self, key)
|
| __eq__(self, other)
| Return self==value.
|
| __getitem__(self, key)
|
| get(self, key, default=None)
| D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
|
| items(self)
| D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
|
| keys(self)
| D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
|
| values(self)
| D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__ = frozenset({'__getitem__', '__iter__', '__len__'}...
|
| __hash__ = None
|
| __reversed__ = None
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from Collection:
|
| __subclasshook__(C)
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Sized:
|
| __len__(self)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Iterable:
|
| __iter__(self)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from Iterable:
|
| __class_getitem__ = GenericAlias(...)
| Represent a PEP 585 generic type
|
| E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
os.MutableMapping
Python Library Documentation: class MutableMapping in module collections.abc
class MutableMapping(Mapping)
| A MutableMapping is a generic container for associating
| key/value pairs.
|
| This class provides concrete generic implementations of all
| methods except for __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__,
| __iter__, and __len__.
|
| Method resolution order:
| MutableMapping
| Mapping
| Collection
| Sized
| Iterable
| Container
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delitem__(self, key)
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value)
|
| clear(self)
| D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.
|
| pop(self, key, default=<object object at 0x00000233011C81F0>)
| D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
| If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
|
| popitem(self)
| D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair
| as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
|
| setdefault(self, key, default=None)
| D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D
|
| update(self, other=(), /, **kwds)
| D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.
| If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
| If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
| In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__ = frozenset({'__delitem__', '__getitem__', '__iter...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Mapping:
|
| __contains__(self, key)
|
| __eq__(self, other)
| Return self==value.
|
| __getitem__(self, key)
|
| get(self, key, default=None)
| D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
|
| items(self)
| D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
|
| keys(self)
| D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
|
| values(self)
| D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from Mapping:
|
| __hash__ = None
|
| __reversed__ = None
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from Collection:
|
| __subclasshook__(C)
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Sized:
|
| __len__(self)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from Iterable:
|
| __iter__(self)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from Iterable:
|
| __class_getitem__ = GenericAlias(...)
| Represent a PEP 585 generic type
|
| E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
os.O_APPEND
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_BINARY
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_CREAT
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_EXCL
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_NOINHERIT
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_RANDOM
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_RDONLY
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_RDWR
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_SEQUENTIAL
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_SHORT_LIVED
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_TEMPORARY
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_TEXT
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_TRUNC
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.O_WRONLY
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.P_DETACH
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.P_NOWAIT
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.P_NOWAITO
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.P_OVERLAY
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.P_WAIT
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.PathLike
Python Library Documentation: class PathLike in module os
class PathLike(abc.ABC)
| Abstract base class for implementing the file system path protocol.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PathLike
| abc.ABC
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __fspath__(self)
| Return the file system path representation of the object.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__ = GenericAlias(...)
| Represent a PEP 585 generic type
|
| E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
|
| __subclasshook__(subclass)
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__ = frozenset({'__fspath__'})
os.R_OK
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.SEEK_CUR
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.SEEK_END
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.SEEK_SET
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.TMP_MAX
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.W_OK
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.X_OK
Python Library Documentation: int object
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
os.abc
Python Library Documentation: module abc
NAME
abc - Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) according to PEP 3119.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/abc.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
CLASSES
builtins.classmethod(builtins.object)
abstractclassmethod
builtins.object
ABC
builtins.property(builtins.object)
abstractproperty
builtins.staticmethod(builtins.object)
abstractstaticmethod
builtins.type(builtins.object)
ABCMeta
class ABC(builtins.object)
| Helper class that provides a standard way to create an ABC using
| inheritance.
|
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
class ABCMeta(builtins.type)
| ABCMeta(name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs)
|
| Metaclass for defining Abstract Base Classes (ABCs).
|
| Use this metaclass to create an ABC. An ABC can be subclassed
| directly, and then acts as a mix-in class. You can also register
| unrelated concrete classes (even built-in classes) and unrelated
| ABCs as 'virtual subclasses' -- these and their descendants will
| be considered subclasses of the registering ABC by the built-in
| issubclass() function, but the registering ABC won't show up in
| their MRO (Method Resolution Order) nor will method
| implementations defined by the registering ABC be callable (not
| even via super()).
|
| Method resolution order:
| ABCMeta
| builtins.type
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __instancecheck__(cls, instance)
| Override for isinstance(instance, cls).
|
| __subclasscheck__(cls, subclass)
| Override for issubclass(subclass, cls).
|
| register(cls, subclass)
| Register a virtual subclass of an ABC.
|
| Returns the subclass, to allow usage as a class decorator.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __annotations__ = {}
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.type:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Specialized __dir__ implementation for types.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return memory consumption of the type object.
|
| __subclasses__(self, /)
| Return a list of immediate subclasses.
|
| mro(self, /)
| Return a type's method resolution order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.type:
|
| __prepare__(...)
| __prepare__() -> dict
| used to create the namespace for the class statement
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.type:
|
| __abstractmethods__
|
| __dict__
|
| __text_signature__
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from builtins.type:
|
| __base__ = <class 'type'>
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
|
|
| __bases__ = (<class 'type'>,)
|
| __basicsize__ = 920
|
| __dictoffset__ = 264
|
| __flags__ = 2156420608
|
| __itemsize__ = 40
|
| __mro__ = (<class 'abc.ABCMeta'>, <class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)
|
| __type_params__ = ()
|
| __weakrefoffset__ = 368
class abstractclassmethod(builtins.classmethod)
| abstractclassmethod(callable)
|
| A decorator indicating abstract classmethods.
|
| Deprecated, use 'classmethod' with 'abstractmethod' instead:
|
| class C(ABC):
| @classmethod
| @abstractmethod
| def my_abstract_classmethod(cls, ...):
| ...
|
| Method resolution order:
| abstractclassmethod
| builtins.classmethod
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, callable)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__ = True
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.classmethod:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.classmethod:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.classmethod
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.classmethod:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __wrapped__
class abstractproperty(builtins.property)
| abstractproperty(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)
|
| A decorator indicating abstract properties.
|
| Deprecated, use 'property' with 'abstractmethod' instead:
|
| class C(ABC):
| @property
| @abstractmethod
| def my_abstract_property(self):
| ...
|
| Method resolution order:
| abstractproperty
| builtins.property
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__ = True
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.property:
|
| __delete__(self, instance, /)
| Delete an attribute of instance.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __set__(self, instance, value, /)
| Set an attribute of instance to value.
|
| __set_name__(...)
| Method to set name of a property.
|
| deleter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different deleter.
|
| getter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different getter.
|
| setter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different setter.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.property:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.property
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.property:
|
| fdel
|
| fget
|
| fset
class abstractstaticmethod(builtins.staticmethod)
| abstractstaticmethod(callable)
|
| A decorator indicating abstract staticmethods.
|
| Deprecated, use 'staticmethod' with 'abstractmethod' instead:
|
| class C(ABC):
| @staticmethod
| @abstractmethod
| def my_abstract_staticmethod(...):
| ...
|
| Method resolution order:
| abstractstaticmethod
| builtins.staticmethod
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, callable)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__ = True
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.staticmethod:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from builtins.staticmethod:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of builtins.staticmethod
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.staticmethod:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __wrapped__
FUNCTIONS
abstractmethod(funcobj)
A decorator indicating abstract methods.
Requires that the metaclass is ABCMeta or derived from it. A
class that has a metaclass derived from ABCMeta cannot be
instantiated unless all of its abstract methods are overridden.
The abstract methods can be called using any of the normal
'super' call mechanisms. abstractmethod() may be used to declare
abstract methods for properties and descriptors.
Usage:
class C(metaclass=ABCMeta):
@abstractmethod
def my_abstract_method(self, arg1, arg2, argN):
...
get_cache_token()
Returns the current ABC cache token.
The token is an opaque object (supporting equality testing) identifying the
current version of the ABC cache for virtual subclasses. The token changes
with every call to register() on any ABC.
update_abstractmethods(cls)
Recalculate the set of abstract methods of an abstract class.
If a class has had one of its abstract methods implemented after the
class was created, the method will not be considered implemented until
this function is called. Alternatively, if a new abstract method has been
added to the class, it will only be considered an abstract method of the
class after this function is called.
This function should be called before any use is made of the class,
usually in class decorators that add methods to the subject class.
Returns cls, to allow usage as a class decorator.
If cls is not an instance of ABCMeta, does nothing.
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\abc.py
os.abort
Python Library Documentation: built-in function abort in module nt
abort()
Abort the interpreter immediately.
This function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible
on the hosting operating system. This function never returns.
os.access
Python Library Documentation: built-in function access in module nt
access(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, effective_ids=False, follow_symlinks=True)
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.
path
Path to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield. Can be F_OK to test existence,
or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
effective_ids
If True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of
the real uid/gid.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
access will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd, effective_ids, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this
routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user
has the specified access to the path.
os.add_dll_directory
Python Library Documentation: function add_dll_directory in module os
add_dll_directory(path)
Add a path to the DLL search path.
This search path is used when resolving dependencies for imported
extension modules (the module itself is resolved through sys.path),
and also by ctypes.
Remove the directory by calling close() on the returned object or
using it in a with statement.
os.altsep
Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for '/'. Use help() to get the interactive help utility. Use help(str) for help on the str class.
os.chdir
Python Library Documentation: built-in function chdir in module nt
chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
os.chmod
Python Library Documentation: built-in function chmod in module nt
chmod(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Change the access permissions of a file.
path
Path to be modified. May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield.
Be careful when using number literals for *mode*. The conventional UNIX notation for
numeric modes uses an octal base, which needs to be indicated with a ``0o`` prefix in
Python.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
chmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.close
Python Library Documentation: built-in function close in module nt
close(fd)
Close a file descriptor.
os.closerange
Python Library Documentation: built-in function closerange in module nt
closerange(fd_low, fd_high, /)
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.
os.cpu_count
Python Library Documentation: built-in function cpu_count in module nt
cpu_count()
Return the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable.
This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can
use. The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with
``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))``
os.curdir
Python Library Documentation: built-in module builtins in
NAME
builtins - Built-in functions, types, exceptions, and other objects.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides direct access to all 'built-in'
identifiers of Python; for example, builtins.len is
the full name for the built-in function len().
This module is not normally accessed explicitly by most
applications, but can be useful in modules that provide
objects with the same name as a built-in value, but in
which the built-in of that name is also needed.
CLASSES
object
BaseException
BaseExceptionGroup
ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)
Exception
ArithmeticError
FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BufferError
EOFError
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
LookupError
IndexError
KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
OSError
BlockingIOError
ChildProcessError
ConnectionError
BrokenPipeError
ConnectionAbortedError
ConnectionRefusedError
ConnectionResetError
FileExistsError
FileNotFoundError
InterruptedError
IsADirectoryError
NotADirectoryError
PermissionError
ProcessLookupError
TimeoutError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
NotImplementedError
RecursionError
StopAsyncIteration
StopIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
Warning
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
EncodingWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
ResourceWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
GeneratorExit
KeyboardInterrupt
SystemExit
bytearray
bytes
classmethod
complex
dict
enumerate
filter
float
frozenset
int
bool
list
map
memoryview
property
range
reversed
set
slice
staticmethod
str
super
tuple
type
zip
class ArithmeticError(Exception)
| Base class for arithmetic errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| FloatingPointError
| OverflowError
| ZeroDivisionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class AssertionError(Exception)
| Assertion failed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| AssertionError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class AttributeError(Exception)
| Attribute not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| AttributeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getstate__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| attribute name
|
| obj
| object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BaseException(object)
| Common base class for all exceptions
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BaseExceptionGroup
| Exception
| GeneratorExit
| KeyboardInterrupt
| ... and 1 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BaseExceptionGroup(BaseException)
| A combination of multiple unrelated exceptions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BaseExceptionGroup
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ExceptionGroup
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| derive(...)
|
| split(...)
|
| subgroup(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| exceptions
| nested exceptions
|
| message
| exception message
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BlockingIOError(OSError)
| I/O operation would block.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BlockingIOError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BrokenPipeError(ConnectionError)
| Broken pipe.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BrokenPipeError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BufferError(Exception)
| Buffer error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BufferError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BytesWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about bytes and buffer related problems, mostly
| related to conversion from str or comparing to str.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BytesWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ChildProcessError(OSError)
| Child process error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ChildProcessError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionAbortedError(ConnectionError)
| Connection aborted.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionAbortedError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionError(OSError)
| Connection error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BrokenPipeError
| ConnectionAbortedError
| ConnectionRefusedError
| ConnectionResetError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionRefusedError(ConnectionError)
| Connection refused.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionRefusedError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionResetError(ConnectionError)
| Connection reset.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionResetError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class DeprecationWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
|
| Method resolution order:
| DeprecationWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class EOFError(Exception)
| Read beyond end of file.
|
| Method resolution order:
| EOFError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class EncodingWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about encodings.
|
| Method resolution order:
| EncodingWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
EnvironmentError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Exception(BaseException)
| Common base class for all non-exit exceptions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ArithmeticError
| AssertionError
| AttributeError
| BufferError
| ... and 16 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)
| Method resolution order:
| ExceptionGroup
| BaseExceptionGroup
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| derive(...)
|
| split(...)
|
| subgroup(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseExceptionGroup
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| exceptions
| nested exceptions
|
| message
| exception message
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FileExistsError(OSError)
| File already exists.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FileExistsError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FileNotFoundError(OSError)
| File not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FileNotFoundError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FloatingPointError(ArithmeticError)
| Floating-point operation failed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FloatingPointError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FutureWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically
| in the future.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FutureWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class GeneratorExit(BaseException)
| Request that a generator exit.
|
| Method resolution order:
| GeneratorExit
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
IOError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ImportError(Exception)
| Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ImportError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ModuleNotFoundError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| msg
| exception message
|
| name
| module name
|
| name_from
| name imported from module
|
| path
| module path
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ImportWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports
|
| Method resolution order:
| ImportWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IndentationError(SyntaxError)
| Improper indentation.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IndentationError
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| TabError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IndexError(LookupError)
| Sequence index out of range.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IndexError
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class InterruptedError(OSError)
| Interrupted by signal.
|
| Method resolution order:
| InterruptedError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IsADirectoryError(OSError)
| Operation doesn't work on directories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IsADirectoryError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class KeyError(LookupError)
| Mapping key not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| KeyError
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from LookupError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of LookupError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class KeyboardInterrupt(BaseException)
| Program interrupted by user.
|
| Method resolution order:
| KeyboardInterrupt
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class LookupError(Exception)
| Base class for lookup errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| IndexError
| KeyError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class MemoryError(Exception)
| Out of memory.
|
| Method resolution order:
| MemoryError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ModuleNotFoundError(ImportError)
| Module not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ModuleNotFoundError
| ImportError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from ImportError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from ImportError:
|
| msg
| exception message
|
| name
| module name
|
| name_from
| name imported from module
|
| path
| module path
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NameError(Exception)
| Name not found globally.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NameError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnboundLocalError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NotADirectoryError(OSError)
| Operation only works on directories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NotADirectoryError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NotImplementedError(RuntimeError)
| Method or function hasn't been implemented yet.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NotImplementedError
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class OverflowError(ArithmeticError)
| Result too large to be represented.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OverflowError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class PendingDeprecationWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated
| in the future.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PendingDeprecationWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class PermissionError(OSError)
| Not enough permissions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PermissionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ProcessLookupError(OSError)
| Process not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ProcessLookupError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RecursionError(RuntimeError)
| Recursion limit exceeded.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RecursionError
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ReferenceError(Exception)
| Weak ref proxy used after referent went away.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ReferenceError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ResourceWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about resource usage.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ResourceWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RuntimeError(Exception)
| Unspecified run-time error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| NotImplementedError
| RecursionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RuntimeWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class StopAsyncIteration(Exception)
| Signal the end from iterator.__anext__().
|
| Method resolution order:
| StopAsyncIteration
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class StopIteration(Exception)
| Signal the end from iterator.__next__().
|
| Method resolution order:
| StopIteration
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| value
| generator return value
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SyntaxError(Exception)
| Invalid syntax.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| IndentationError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SyntaxWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SyntaxWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SystemError(Exception)
| Internal error in the Python interpreter.
|
| Please report this to the Python maintainer, along with the traceback,
| the Python version, and the hardware/OS platform and version.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SystemError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SystemExit(BaseException)
| Request to exit from the interpreter.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SystemExit
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| code
| exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseException
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TabError(IndentationError)
| Improper mixture of spaces and tabs.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TabError
| IndentationError
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TimeoutError(OSError)
| Timeout expired.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TimeoutError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TypeError(Exception)
| Inappropriate argument type.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TypeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnboundLocalError(NameError)
| Local name referenced but not bound to a value.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnboundLocalError
| NameError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from NameError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from NameError:
|
| name
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode decoding error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeDecodeError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeEncodeError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode encoding error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeEncodeError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeError(ValueError)
| Unicode related error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnicodeDecodeError
| UnicodeEncodeError
| UnicodeTranslateError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeTranslateError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode translation error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeTranslateError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about Unicode related problems, mostly
| related to conversion problems.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UserWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings generated by user code.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UserWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ValueError(Exception)
| Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).
|
| Method resolution order:
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnicodeError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Warning(Exception)
| Base class for warning categories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BytesWarning
| DeprecationWarning
| EncodingWarning
| FutureWarning
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
WindowsError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ZeroDivisionError(ArithmeticError)
| Second argument to a division or modulo operation was zero.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ZeroDivisionError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class bool(int)
| bool(x) -> bool
|
| Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.
| The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
| The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| bool
| int
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from int:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from int:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from int:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class bytearray(object)
| bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray
| bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray
| bytearray(bytes_or_buffer) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
| bytearray(int) -> bytes array of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
| bytearray() -> empty bytes array
|
| Construct a mutable bytearray object from:
| - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
| - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
| - a bytes or a buffer object
| - any object implementing the buffer API.
| - an integer
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __alloc__(...)
| B.__alloc__() -> int
|
| Return the number of bytes actually allocated.
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, proto=0, /)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __release_buffer__(self, buffer, /)
| Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns the size of the bytearray object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| append(self, item, /)
| Append a single item to the end of the bytearray.
|
| item
| The item to be appended.
|
| capitalize(...)
| B.capitalize() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
| and the rest lower-cased.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from the bytearray.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a copy of B.
|
| count(...)
| B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
| bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
| as in slice notation.
|
| decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Decode the bytearray using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding with which to decode the bytearray.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
| UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
| as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
| can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| extend(self, iterable_of_ints, /)
| Append all the items from the iterator or sequence to the end of the bytearray.
|
| iterable_of_ints
| The iterable of items to append.
|
| find(...)
| B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| hex(...)
| Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytearray object.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = bytearray([0xb9, 0x01, 0xef])
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| index(...)
| B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| insert(self, index, item, /)
| Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index.
|
| index
| The index where the value is to be inserted.
| item
| The item to be inserted.
|
| isalnum(...)
| B.isalnum() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isalpha(...)
| B.isalpha() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isascii(...)
| B.isascii() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
| False otherwise.
|
| isdigit(...)
| B.isdigit() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are digits
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| islower(...)
| B.islower() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isspace(...)
| B.isspace() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| istitle(...)
| B.istitle() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
| character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
| characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
| otherwise.
|
| isupper(...)
| B.isupper() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
| Concatenate any number of bytes/bytearray objects.
|
| The bytearray whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
|
| The result is returned as a new bytearray object.
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| lower(...)
| B.lower() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray. If the separator is
| found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the
| separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray objects.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the copy of the
| original bytearray object and two empty bytearray objects.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return a single item from B.
|
| index
| The index from where to remove the item.
| -1 (the default value) means remove the last item.
|
| If no index argument is given, will pop the last item.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove the first occurrence of a value in the bytearray.
|
| value
| The value to remove.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a bytearray with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytearray starts with the prefix string, return
| bytearray[len(prefix):]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| bytearray.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a bytearray with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytearray ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not
| empty, return bytearray[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of
| the original bytearray.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse the order of the values in B in place.
|
| rfind(...)
| B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray, starting at the end.
| If the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray
| objects.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytearray
| objects and the copy of the original bytearray object.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytearray and working to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the bytearray, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| strip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| swapcase(...)
| B.swapcase() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
| to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
|
| title(...)
| B.title() -> copy of B
|
| Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
| characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
|
| translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
| Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
|
| All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
| The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
|
| upper(...)
| B.upper() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The original string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
| Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef')
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(frm, to, /)
| Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
|
| The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
| the same position in to.
|
| The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class bytes(object)
| bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
| bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
| bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
| bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
| bytes() -> empty bytes object
|
| Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
| - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
| - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
| - any object implementing the buffer API.
| - an integer
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __bytes__(self, /)
| Convert this value to exact type bytes.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(...)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| capitalize(...)
| B.capitalize() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
| and the rest lower-cased.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| count(...)
| B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
| bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
| as in slice notation.
|
| decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
| UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
| as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
| can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| find(...)
| B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| hex(...)
| Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| index(...)
| B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| isalnum(...)
| B.isalnum() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isalpha(...)
| B.isalpha() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isascii(...)
| B.isascii() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
| False otherwise.
|
| isdigit(...)
| B.isdigit() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are digits
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| islower(...)
| B.islower() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isspace(...)
| B.isspace() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| istitle(...)
| B.istitle() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
| character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
| characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
| otherwise.
|
| isupper(...)
| B.isupper() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
| Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
|
| The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
|
| The result is returned as a new bytes object.
|
| Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| lower(...)
| B.lower() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
| returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
| itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
| object and two empty bytes objects.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
| Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
| return bytes[:-len(prefix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| bytes.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| rfind(...)
| B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
| the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
| objects and the original bytes object.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| strip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| swapcase(...)
| B.swapcase() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
| to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
|
| title(...)
| B.title() -> copy of B
|
| Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
| characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
|
| translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
| Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
|
| All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
| The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
|
| upper(...)
| B.upper() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The original string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
| Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(frm, to, /)
| Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
|
| The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
| the same position in to.
|
| The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
class classmethod(object)
| classmethod(function) -> method
|
| Convert a function to be a class method.
|
| A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
| just like an instance method receives the instance.
| To declare a class method, use this idiom:
|
| class C:
| @classmethod
| def f(cls, arg1, arg2, argN):
| ...
|
| It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
| (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class.
| If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
| object is passed as the implied first argument.
|
| Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
| If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| __wrapped__
class complex(object)
| complex(real=0, imag=0)
|
| Create a complex number from a string or numbers.
|
| If a string is given, parse it as a complex number.
| If a single number is given, convert it to a complex number.
| If the 'real' or 'imag' arguments are given, create a complex number
| with the specified real and imaginary components.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __complex__(self, /)
| Convert this value to exact type complex.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| conjugate(self, /)
| Return the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class dict(object)
| dict() -> new empty dictionary
| dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
| (key, value) pairs
| dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
| d = {}
| for k, v in iterable:
| d[k] = v
| dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
| in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __ior__(self, value, /)
| Return self|=value.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
|
| clear(...)
| D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.
|
| copy(...)
| D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
|
| get(self, key, default=None, /)
| Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
|
| items(...)
| D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
|
| keys(...)
| D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
|
| pop(...)
| D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
|
| If the key is not found, return the default if given; otherwise,
| raise a KeyError.
|
| popitem(self, /)
| Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.
|
| Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.
| Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.
|
| setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)
| Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
|
| Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
|
| update(...)
| D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
| If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
| If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v
| In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
|
| values(...)
| D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /)
| Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class enumerate(object)
| enumerate(iterable, start=0)
|
| Return an enumerate object.
|
| iterable
| an object supporting iteration
|
| The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from start, which
| defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
|
| enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
| (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class filter(object)
| filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object
|
| Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
| is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class float(object)
| float(x=0, /)
|
| Convert a string or number to a floating-point number, if possible.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(self, /)
| Return the ceiling as an Integral.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(self, /)
| Return the floor as an Integral.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Formats the float according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __round__(self, ndigits=None, /)
| Return the Integral closest to x, rounding half toward even.
|
| When an argument is passed, work like built-in round(x, ndigits).
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(self, /)
| Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raise
| OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
|
| >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
| >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
| (-1, 4)
|
| conjugate(self, /)
| Return self, the complex conjugate of any float.
|
| hex(self, /)
| Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
|
| >>> (-0.1).hex()
| '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
| >>> 3.14159.hex()
| '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Return True if the float is an integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __getformat__(typestr, /)
| You probably don't want to use this function.
|
| typestr
| Must be 'double' or 'float'.
|
| It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite.
|
| This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE,
| little-endian' best describes the format of floating-point numbers used by the
| C type named by typestr.
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
|
| >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
| 2047.984375
| >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
| -5e-324
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class frozenset(object)
| frozenset() -> empty frozenset object
| frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object
|
| Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __contains__(...)
| x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| copy(...)
| Return a shallow copy of a set.
|
| difference(...)
| Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
|
| intersection(...)
| Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
|
| isdisjoint(...)
| Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
|
| issubset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in the set is in other.
|
| issuperset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in other is in the set.
|
| symmetric_difference(...)
| Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
|
| union(...)
| Return the union of sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class list(object)
| list(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in mutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.
| The argument must be an iterable if specified.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, index, /)
| Return self[index].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the list.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the list in memory, in bytes.
|
| append(self, object, /)
| Append object to the end of the list.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from list.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a shallow copy of the list.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| extend(self, iterable, /)
| Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| insert(self, index, object, /)
| Insert object before index.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return item at index (default last).
|
| Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove first occurrence of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse *IN PLACE*.
|
| sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
| Sort the list in ascending order and return None.
|
| The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the
| order of two equal elements is maintained).
|
| If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them,
| ascending or descending, according to their function values.
|
| The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class map(object)
| map(func, *iterables) --> map object
|
| Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from
| each of the iterables. Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class memoryview(object)
| memoryview(object)
|
| Create a new memoryview object which references the given object.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __enter__(...)
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __exit__(...)
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __release_buffer__(self, buffer, /)
| Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| cast(...)
| Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape.
|
| hex(...)
| Return the data in the buffer as a str of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = memoryview(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| release(self, /)
| Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.
|
| tobytes(self, /, order='C')
| Return the data in the buffer as a byte string.
|
| Order can be {'C', 'F', 'A'}. When order is 'C' or 'F', the data of the
| original array is converted to C or Fortran order. For contiguous views,
| 'A' returns an exact copy of the physical memory. In particular, in-memory
| Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted
| to C first. order=None is the same as order='C'.
|
| tolist(self, /)
| Return the data in the buffer as a list of elements.
|
| toreadonly(self, /)
| Return a readonly version of the memoryview.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| c_contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is C contiguous.
|
| contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is contiguous.
|
| f_contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is Fortran contiguous.
|
| format
| A string containing the format (in struct module style)
| for each element in the view.
|
| itemsize
| The size in bytes of each element of the memoryview.
|
| nbytes
| The amount of space in bytes that the array would use in
| a contiguous representation.
|
| ndim
| An integer indicating how many dimensions of a multi-dimensional
| array the memory represents.
|
| obj
| The underlying object of the memoryview.
|
| readonly
| A bool indicating whether the memory is read only.
|
| shape
| A tuple of ndim integers giving the shape of the memory
| as an N-dimensional array.
|
| strides
| A tuple of ndim integers giving the size in bytes to access
| each element for each dimension of the array.
|
| suboffsets
| A tuple of integers used internally for PIL-style arrays.
class object
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| anext_awaitable
| async_generator
| async_generator_asend
| async_generator_athrow
| ... and 90 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Default dir() implementation.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Default object formatter.
|
| Return str(self) if format_spec is empty. Raise TypeError otherwise.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getstate__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, protocol, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Size of object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __init_subclass__(...)
| This method is called when a class is subclassed.
|
| The default implementation does nothing. It may be
| overridden to extend subclasses.
|
| __subclasshook__(...)
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __class__ = <class 'type'>
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
class property(object)
| property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)
|
| Property attribute.
|
| fget
| function to be used for getting an attribute value
| fset
| function to be used for setting an attribute value
| fdel
| function to be used for del'ing an attribute
| doc
| docstring
|
| Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:
|
| class C(object):
| def getx(self): return self._x
| def setx(self, value): self._x = value
| def delx(self): del self._x
| x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")
|
| Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:
|
| class C(object):
| @property
| def x(self):
| "I am the 'x' property."
| return self._x
| @x.setter
| def x(self, value):
| self._x = value
| @x.deleter
| def x(self):
| del self._x
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delete__(self, instance, /)
| Delete an attribute of instance.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __set__(self, instance, value, /)
| Set an attribute of instance to value.
|
| __set_name__(...)
| Method to set name of a property.
|
| deleter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different deleter.
|
| getter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different getter.
|
| setter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different setter.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| fdel
|
| fget
|
| fset
class range(object)
| range(stop) -> range object
| range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
|
| Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
| to stop (exclusive) by step. range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
| start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted! range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
| These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
| When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(...)
| Return a reverse iterator.
|
| count(...)
| rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.
| Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| start
|
| step
|
| stop
class reversed(object)
| reversed(sequence, /)
|
| Return a reverse iterator over the values of the given sequence.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __length_hint__(...)
| Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __setstate__(...)
| Set state information for unpickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class set(object)
| set() -> new empty set object
| set(iterable) -> new set object
|
| Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __contains__(...)
| x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iand__(self, value, /)
| Return self&=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __ior__(self, value, /)
| Return self|=value.
|
| __isub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-=value.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __ixor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^=value.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| add(...)
| Add an element to a set.
|
| This has no effect if the element is already present.
|
| clear(...)
| Remove all elements from this set.
|
| copy(...)
| Return a shallow copy of a set.
|
| difference(...)
| Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
|
| difference_update(...)
| Remove all elements of another set from this set.
|
| discard(...)
| Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
|
| Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise
| an exception when an element is missing from the set.
|
| intersection(...)
| Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
|
| intersection_update(...)
| Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.
|
| isdisjoint(...)
| Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
|
| issubset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in the set is in other.
|
| issuperset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in other is in the set.
|
| pop(...)
| Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
| Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
|
| remove(...)
| Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
|
| If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
|
| symmetric_difference(...)
| Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
|
| symmetric_difference_update(...)
| Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.
|
| union(...)
| Return the union of sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
|
| update(...)
| Update a set with the union of itself and others.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class slice(object)
| slice(stop)
| slice(start, stop[, step])
|
| Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| indices(...)
| S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride)
|
| Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop
| indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by
| S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the
| handling of normal slices.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| start
|
| step
|
| stop
class staticmethod(object)
| staticmethod(function) -> method
|
| Convert a function to be a static method.
|
| A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
| To declare a static method, use this idiom:
|
| class C:
| @staticmethod
| def f(arg1, arg2, argN):
| ...
|
| It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
| (e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and
| neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.
|
| Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
| For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| __wrapped__
class str(object)
| str(object='') -> str
| str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
|
| Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
| errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
| that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
| Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
| or repr(object).
| encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
| errors defaults to 'strict'.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Return a formatted version of the string as described by format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(...)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the string in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| capitalize(self, /)
| Return a capitalized version of the string.
|
| More specifically, make the first character have upper case and the rest lower
| case.
|
| casefold(self, /)
| Return a version of the string suitable for caseless comparisons.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| count(...)
| S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
| string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
| interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| encode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Encode the string using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding in which to encode the string.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for encoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a
| UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
| 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
| codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| find(...)
| S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| format(...)
| S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
|
| Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
| The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
|
| format_map(...)
| S.format_map(mapping) -> str
|
| Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
| The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
|
| index(...)
| S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
|
| isalnum(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an alpha-numeric string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is alpha-numeric if all characters in the string are alpha-numeric and
| there is at least one character in the string.
|
| isalpha(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an alphabetic string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is alphabetic if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| isascii(self, /)
| Return True if all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise.
|
| ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F.
| Empty string is ASCII too.
|
| isdecimal(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a decimal string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is a decimal string if all characters in the string are decimal and
| there is at least one character in the string.
|
| isdigit(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| isidentifier(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a valid Python identifier, False otherwise.
|
| Call keyword.iskeyword(s) to test whether string s is a reserved identifier,
| such as "def" or "class".
|
| islower(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a lowercase string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is lowercase if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
| there is at least one cased character in the string.
|
| isnumeric(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at
| least one character in the string.
|
| isprintable(self, /)
| Return True if the string is printable, False otherwise.
|
| A string is printable if all of its characters are considered printable in
| repr() or if it is empty.
|
| isspace(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a whitespace string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is whitespace if all characters in the string are whitespace and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| istitle(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a title-cased string, False otherwise.
|
| In a title-cased string, upper- and title-case characters may only
| follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
|
| isupper(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
| there is at least one cased character in the string.
|
| join(self, iterable, /)
| Concatenate any number of strings.
|
| The string whose method is called is inserted in between each given string.
| The result is returned as a new string.
|
| Example: '.'.join(['ab', 'pq', 'rs']) -> 'ab.pq.rs'
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| lower(self, /)
| Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator in the string. If the separator is found,
| returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
| itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original string
| and two empty strings.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a str with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):].
| Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a str with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
| return string[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| string.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| rfind(...)
| S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator in the string, starting at the end. If
| the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty strings
| and the original string.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.
|
| sep
| The separator used to split the string.
|
| When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
| character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
| empty strings from the result.
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting starts at the end of the string and works to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.
|
| sep
| The separator used to split the string.
|
| When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
| character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
| empty strings from the result.
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting starts at the front of the string and works to the end.
|
| Note, str.split() is mainly useful for data that has been intentionally
| delimited. With natural text that includes punctuation, consider using
| the regular expression module.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
|
| strip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| swapcase(self, /)
| Convert uppercase characters to lowercase and lowercase characters to uppercase.
|
| title(self, /)
| Return a version of the string where each word is titlecased.
|
| More specifically, words start with uppercased characters and all remaining
| cased characters have lower case.
|
| translate(self, table, /)
| Replace each character in the string using the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to
| Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.
|
| The table must implement lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a
| dictionary or list. If this operation raises LookupError, the character is
| left untouched. Characters mapped to None are deleted.
|
| upper(self, /)
| Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(...)
| Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
|
| If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
| ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
| Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
| If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
| in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
| character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
| must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
class super(object)
| super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>)
| super(type) -> unbound super object
| super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
| super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
| Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
| class C(B):
| def meth(self, arg):
| super().meth(arg)
| This works for class methods too:
| class C(B):
| @classmethod
| def cmeth(cls, arg):
| super().cmeth(arg)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __self__
| the instance invoking super(); may be None
|
| __self_class__
| the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None
|
| __thisclass__
| the class invoking super()
class tuple(object)
| tuple(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in immutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
| If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
|
| If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| asyncgen_hooks
| UnraisableHookArgs
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class type(object)
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Specialized __dir__ implementation for types.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __instancecheck__(self, instance, /)
| Check if an object is an instance.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return memory consumption of the type object.
|
| __subclasscheck__(self, subclass, /)
| Check if a class is a subclass.
|
| __subclasses__(self, /)
| Return a list of immediate subclasses.
|
| mro(self, /)
| Return a type's method resolution order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __prepare__(...)
| __prepare__() -> dict
| used to create the namespace for the class statement
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__
|
| __annotations__
|
| __dict__
|
| __text_signature__
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __base__ = <class 'object'>
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
|
| __bases__ = (<class 'object'>,)
|
| __basicsize__ = 920
|
| __dictoffset__ = 264
|
| __flags__ = 2156420354
|
| __itemsize__ = 40
|
| __mro__ = (<class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)
|
| __type_params__ = ()
|
| __weakrefoffset__ = 368
class zip(object)
| zip(*iterables, strict=False) --> Yield tuples until an input is exhausted.
|
| >>> list(zip('abcdefg', range(3), range(4)))
| [('a', 0, 0), ('b', 1, 1), ('c', 2, 2)]
|
| The zip object yields n-length tuples, where n is the number of iterables
| passed as positional arguments to zip(). The i-th element in every tuple
| comes from the i-th iterable argument to zip(). This continues until the
| shortest argument is exhausted.
|
| If strict is true and one of the arguments is exhausted before the others,
| raise a ValueError.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __setstate__(...)
| Set state information for unpickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
FUNCTIONS
__build_class__(...)
__build_class__(func, name, /, *bases, [metaclass], **kwds) -> class
Internal helper function used by the class statement.
__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)
Import a module.
Because this function is meant for use by the Python
interpreter and not for general use, it is better to use
importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module.
The globals argument is only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals argument is unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...``, or an
empty list to emulate ``import name``.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. The level argument is used to determine whether to
perform absolute or relative imports: 0 is absolute, while a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.
abs(x, /)
Return the absolute value of the argument.
aiter(async_iterable, /)
Return an AsyncIterator for an AsyncIterable object.
all(iterable, /)
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return True.
anext(...)
async anext(aiterator[, default])
Return the next item from the async iterator. If default is given and the async
iterator is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopAsyncIteration.
any(iterable, /)
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return False.
ascii(obj, /)
Return an ASCII-only representation of an object.
As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \\x, \\u or \\U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.
bin(number, /)
Return the binary representation of an integer.
>>> bin(2796202)
'0b1010101010101010101010'
breakpoint(...)
breakpoint(*args, **kws)
Call sys.breakpointhook(*args, **kws). sys.breakpointhook() must accept
whatever arguments are passed.
By default, this drops you into the pdb debugger.
callable(obj, /)
Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
__call__() method.
chr(i, /)
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.
compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1)
Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().
The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.
delattr(obj, name, /)
Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y``
dir(...)
Show attributes of an object.
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
divmod(x, y, /)
Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.
eval(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)
Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
exec(source, globals=None, locals=None, /, *, closure=None)
Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
The closure must be a tuple of cellvars, and can only be used
when source is a code object requiring exactly that many cellvars.
format(value, format_spec='', /)
Return type(value).__format__(value, format_spec)
Many built-in types implement format_spec according to the
Format Specification Mini-language. See help('FORMATTING').
If type(value) does not supply a method named __format__
and format_spec is empty, then str(value) is returned.
See also help('SPECIALMETHODS').
getattr(...)
Get a named attribute from an object.
getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
globals()
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
NOTE: Updates to this dictionary *will* affect name lookups in the current
global scope and vice-versa.
hasattr(obj, name, /)
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
hash(obj, /)
Return the hash value for the given object.
Two objects that compare equal must also have the same hash value, but the
reverse is not necessarily true.
hex(number, /)
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer.
>>> hex(12648430)
'0xc0ffee'
id(obj, /)
Return the identity of an object.
This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
(CPython uses the object's memory address.)
input(prompt='', /)
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
The prompt string, if given, is printed to standard output without a
trailing newline before reading input.
If the user hits EOF (*nix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On *nix systems, readline is used if available.
isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
or ...`` etc.
issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether 'cls' is derived from another class or is the same class.
A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)
or ...``.
iter(...)
Get an iterator from an object.
In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
len(obj, /)
Return the number of items in a container.
locals()
Return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
NOTE: Whether or not updates to this dictionary will affect name lookups in
the local scope and vice-versa is *implementation dependent* and not
covered by any backwards compatibility guarantees.
max(...)
max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min(...)
min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
min(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
next(...)
Return the next item from the iterator.
If default is given and the iterator is exhausted,
it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.
oct(number, /)
Return the octal representation of an integer.
>>> oct(342391)
'0o1234567'
open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
Open file and return a stream. Raise OSError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding.
(For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding
unspecified.) The available modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'x' create a new file and open it for writing
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is
given, the default buffering policy works as follows:
* Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
"block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
* "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above
for binary files.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
to the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
similar to passing None).
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
ord(c, /)
Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string.
pow(base, exp, mod=None)
Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments
Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
print(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
sep
string inserted between values, default a space.
end
string appended after the last value, default a newline.
file
a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
flush
whether to forcibly flush the stream.
repr(obj, /)
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For many object types, including most builtins, eval(repr(obj)) == obj.
round(number, ndigits=None)
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None. Otherwise
the return value has the same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
setattr(obj, name, value, /)
Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v``
sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.
A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.
sum(iterable, /, start=0)
Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers
When the iterable is empty, return the start value.
This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may
reject non-numeric types.
vars(...)
Show vars.
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
DATA
Ellipsis = Ellipsis
False = False
None = None
NotImplemented = NotImplemented
True = True
__debug__ = True
copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundati...ematisc...
credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment. ...
exit = Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help abou...
license = Type license() to see the full license text
quit = Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
FILE
(built-in)
os.defpath
Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for '.;C:\\bin'. Use help() to get the interactive help utility. Use help(str) for help on the str class.
os.device_encoding
Python Library Documentation: built-in function device_encoding in module nt
device_encoding(fd)
Return a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor.
The file descriptor must be attached to a terminal.
If the device is not a terminal, return None.
os.devnull
Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for 'nul'. Use help() to get the interactive help utility. Use help(str) for help on the str class.
os.dup
Python Library Documentation: built-in function dup in module nt
dup(fd, /)
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
os.dup2
Python Library Documentation: built-in function dup2 in module nt
dup2(fd, fd2, inheritable=True)
Duplicate file descriptor.
os.environ
Python Library Documentation: _Environ in module os object class _Environ(collections.abc.MutableMapping) | _Environ(data, encodekey, decodekey, encodevalue, decodevalue) | | Method resolution order: | _Environ | collections.abc.MutableMapping | collections.abc.Mapping | collections.abc.Collection | collections.abc.Sized | collections.abc.Iterable | collections.abc.Container | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __delitem__(self, key) | | __getitem__(self, key) | | __init__(self, data, encodekey, decodekey, encodevalue, decodevalue) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | __ior__(self, other) | | __iter__(self) | | __len__(self) | | __or__(self, other) | Return self|value. | | __repr__(self) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, other) | Return value|self. | | __setitem__(self, key, value) | | copy(self) | | setdefault(self, key, value) | D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | __dict__ | dictionary for instance variables | | __weakref__ | list of weak references to the object | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __abstractmethods__ = frozenset() | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from collections.abc.MutableMapping: | | clear(self) | D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. | | pop(self, key, default=<object object at 0x00000233011C81F0>) | D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. | If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised. | | popitem(self) | D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair | as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. | | update(self, other=(), /, **kwds) | D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from mapping/iterable E and F. | If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] | If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v | In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from collections.abc.Mapping: | | __contains__(self, key) | | __eq__(self, other) | Return self==value. | | get(self, key, default=None) | D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. | | items(self) | D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items | | keys(self) | D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys | | values(self) | D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes inherited from collections.abc.Mapping: | | __hash__ = None | | __reversed__ = None | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from collections.abc.Collection: | | __subclasshook__(C) | Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass(). | | This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__(). | It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns | NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it | overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from collections.abc.Iterable: | | __class_getitem__ = GenericAlias(...) | Represent a PEP 585 generic type | | E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
os.error
Python Library Documentation: class OSError in module builtins class OSError(Exception) | Base class for I/O related errors. | | Method resolution order: | OSError | Exception | BaseException | object | | Built-in subclasses: | BlockingIOError | ChildProcessError | ConnectionError | FileExistsError | ... and 7 other subclasses | | Methods defined here: | | __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | __reduce__(...) | Helper for pickle. | | __str__(self, /) | Return str(self). | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | characters_written | | errno | POSIX exception code | | filename | exception filename | | filename2 | second exception filename | | strerror | exception strerror | | winerror | Win32 exception code | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from BaseException: | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __setstate__(...) | | add_note(...) | Exception.add_note(note) -- | add a note to the exception | | with_traceback(...) | Exception.with_traceback(tb) -- | set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from BaseException: | | __cause__ | exception cause | | __context__ | exception context | | __dict__ | | __suppress_context__ | | __traceback__ | | args
os.execl
Python Library Documentation: function execl in module os
execl(file, *args)
execl(file, *args)
Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
current process.
os.execle
Python Library Documentation: function execle in module os
execle(file, *args)
execle(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file with argument list args and
environment env, replacing the current process.
os.execlp
Python Library Documentation: function execlp in module os
execlp(file, *args)
execlp(file, *args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
os.execlpe
Python Library Documentation: function execlpe in module os
execlpe(file, *args)
execlpe(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
process.
os.execv
Python Library Documentation: built-in function execv in module nt
execv(path, argv, /)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
os.execve
Python Library Documentation: built-in function execve in module nt
execve(path, argv, env)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
os.execvp
Python Library Documentation: function execvp in module os
execvp(file, args)
execvp(file, args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
os.execvpe
Python Library Documentation: function execvpe in module os
execvpe(file, args, env)
execvpe(file, args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the
current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
os.extsep
Python Library Documentation: built-in module builtins in
NAME
builtins - Built-in functions, types, exceptions, and other objects.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides direct access to all 'built-in'
identifiers of Python; for example, builtins.len is
the full name for the built-in function len().
This module is not normally accessed explicitly by most
applications, but can be useful in modules that provide
objects with the same name as a built-in value, but in
which the built-in of that name is also needed.
CLASSES
object
BaseException
BaseExceptionGroup
ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)
Exception
ArithmeticError
FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BufferError
EOFError
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
LookupError
IndexError
KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
OSError
BlockingIOError
ChildProcessError
ConnectionError
BrokenPipeError
ConnectionAbortedError
ConnectionRefusedError
ConnectionResetError
FileExistsError
FileNotFoundError
InterruptedError
IsADirectoryError
NotADirectoryError
PermissionError
ProcessLookupError
TimeoutError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
NotImplementedError
RecursionError
StopAsyncIteration
StopIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
Warning
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
EncodingWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
ResourceWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
GeneratorExit
KeyboardInterrupt
SystemExit
bytearray
bytes
classmethod
complex
dict
enumerate
filter
float
frozenset
int
bool
list
map
memoryview
property
range
reversed
set
slice
staticmethod
str
super
tuple
type
zip
class ArithmeticError(Exception)
| Base class for arithmetic errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| FloatingPointError
| OverflowError
| ZeroDivisionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class AssertionError(Exception)
| Assertion failed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| AssertionError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class AttributeError(Exception)
| Attribute not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| AttributeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getstate__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| attribute name
|
| obj
| object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BaseException(object)
| Common base class for all exceptions
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BaseExceptionGroup
| Exception
| GeneratorExit
| KeyboardInterrupt
| ... and 1 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BaseExceptionGroup(BaseException)
| A combination of multiple unrelated exceptions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BaseExceptionGroup
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ExceptionGroup
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| derive(...)
|
| split(...)
|
| subgroup(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| exceptions
| nested exceptions
|
| message
| exception message
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BlockingIOError(OSError)
| I/O operation would block.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BlockingIOError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BrokenPipeError(ConnectionError)
| Broken pipe.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BrokenPipeError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BufferError(Exception)
| Buffer error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BufferError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BytesWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about bytes and buffer related problems, mostly
| related to conversion from str or comparing to str.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BytesWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ChildProcessError(OSError)
| Child process error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ChildProcessError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionAbortedError(ConnectionError)
| Connection aborted.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionAbortedError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionError(OSError)
| Connection error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BrokenPipeError
| ConnectionAbortedError
| ConnectionRefusedError
| ConnectionResetError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionRefusedError(ConnectionError)
| Connection refused.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionRefusedError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionResetError(ConnectionError)
| Connection reset.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionResetError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class DeprecationWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
|
| Method resolution order:
| DeprecationWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class EOFError(Exception)
| Read beyond end of file.
|
| Method resolution order:
| EOFError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class EncodingWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about encodings.
|
| Method resolution order:
| EncodingWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
EnvironmentError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Exception(BaseException)
| Common base class for all non-exit exceptions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ArithmeticError
| AssertionError
| AttributeError
| BufferError
| ... and 16 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)
| Method resolution order:
| ExceptionGroup
| BaseExceptionGroup
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| derive(...)
|
| split(...)
|
| subgroup(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseExceptionGroup
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| exceptions
| nested exceptions
|
| message
| exception message
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FileExistsError(OSError)
| File already exists.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FileExistsError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FileNotFoundError(OSError)
| File not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FileNotFoundError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FloatingPointError(ArithmeticError)
| Floating-point operation failed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FloatingPointError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FutureWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically
| in the future.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FutureWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class GeneratorExit(BaseException)
| Request that a generator exit.
|
| Method resolution order:
| GeneratorExit
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
IOError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ImportError(Exception)
| Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ImportError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ModuleNotFoundError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| msg
| exception message
|
| name
| module name
|
| name_from
| name imported from module
|
| path
| module path
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ImportWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports
|
| Method resolution order:
| ImportWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IndentationError(SyntaxError)
| Improper indentation.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IndentationError
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| TabError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IndexError(LookupError)
| Sequence index out of range.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IndexError
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class InterruptedError(OSError)
| Interrupted by signal.
|
| Method resolution order:
| InterruptedError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IsADirectoryError(OSError)
| Operation doesn't work on directories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IsADirectoryError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class KeyError(LookupError)
| Mapping key not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| KeyError
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from LookupError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of LookupError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class KeyboardInterrupt(BaseException)
| Program interrupted by user.
|
| Method resolution order:
| KeyboardInterrupt
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class LookupError(Exception)
| Base class for lookup errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| IndexError
| KeyError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class MemoryError(Exception)
| Out of memory.
|
| Method resolution order:
| MemoryError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ModuleNotFoundError(ImportError)
| Module not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ModuleNotFoundError
| ImportError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from ImportError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from ImportError:
|
| msg
| exception message
|
| name
| module name
|
| name_from
| name imported from module
|
| path
| module path
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NameError(Exception)
| Name not found globally.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NameError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnboundLocalError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NotADirectoryError(OSError)
| Operation only works on directories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NotADirectoryError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NotImplementedError(RuntimeError)
| Method or function hasn't been implemented yet.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NotImplementedError
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class OverflowError(ArithmeticError)
| Result too large to be represented.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OverflowError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class PendingDeprecationWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated
| in the future.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PendingDeprecationWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class PermissionError(OSError)
| Not enough permissions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PermissionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ProcessLookupError(OSError)
| Process not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ProcessLookupError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RecursionError(RuntimeError)
| Recursion limit exceeded.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RecursionError
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ReferenceError(Exception)
| Weak ref proxy used after referent went away.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ReferenceError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ResourceWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about resource usage.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ResourceWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RuntimeError(Exception)
| Unspecified run-time error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| NotImplementedError
| RecursionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RuntimeWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class StopAsyncIteration(Exception)
| Signal the end from iterator.__anext__().
|
| Method resolution order:
| StopAsyncIteration
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class StopIteration(Exception)
| Signal the end from iterator.__next__().
|
| Method resolution order:
| StopIteration
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| value
| generator return value
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SyntaxError(Exception)
| Invalid syntax.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| IndentationError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SyntaxWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SyntaxWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SystemError(Exception)
| Internal error in the Python interpreter.
|
| Please report this to the Python maintainer, along with the traceback,
| the Python version, and the hardware/OS platform and version.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SystemError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SystemExit(BaseException)
| Request to exit from the interpreter.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SystemExit
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| code
| exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseException
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TabError(IndentationError)
| Improper mixture of spaces and tabs.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TabError
| IndentationError
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TimeoutError(OSError)
| Timeout expired.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TimeoutError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TypeError(Exception)
| Inappropriate argument type.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TypeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnboundLocalError(NameError)
| Local name referenced but not bound to a value.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnboundLocalError
| NameError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from NameError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from NameError:
|
| name
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode decoding error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeDecodeError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeEncodeError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode encoding error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeEncodeError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeError(ValueError)
| Unicode related error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnicodeDecodeError
| UnicodeEncodeError
| UnicodeTranslateError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeTranslateError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode translation error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeTranslateError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about Unicode related problems, mostly
| related to conversion problems.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UserWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings generated by user code.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UserWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ValueError(Exception)
| Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).
|
| Method resolution order:
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnicodeError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Warning(Exception)
| Base class for warning categories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BytesWarning
| DeprecationWarning
| EncodingWarning
| FutureWarning
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
WindowsError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ZeroDivisionError(ArithmeticError)
| Second argument to a division or modulo operation was zero.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ZeroDivisionError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class bool(int)
| bool(x) -> bool
|
| Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.
| The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
| The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| bool
| int
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from int:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from int:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from int:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class bytearray(object)
| bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray
| bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray
| bytearray(bytes_or_buffer) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
| bytearray(int) -> bytes array of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
| bytearray() -> empty bytes array
|
| Construct a mutable bytearray object from:
| - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
| - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
| - a bytes or a buffer object
| - any object implementing the buffer API.
| - an integer
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __alloc__(...)
| B.__alloc__() -> int
|
| Return the number of bytes actually allocated.
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, proto=0, /)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __release_buffer__(self, buffer, /)
| Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns the size of the bytearray object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| append(self, item, /)
| Append a single item to the end of the bytearray.
|
| item
| The item to be appended.
|
| capitalize(...)
| B.capitalize() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
| and the rest lower-cased.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from the bytearray.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a copy of B.
|
| count(...)
| B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
| bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
| as in slice notation.
|
| decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Decode the bytearray using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding with which to decode the bytearray.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
| UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
| as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
| can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| extend(self, iterable_of_ints, /)
| Append all the items from the iterator or sequence to the end of the bytearray.
|
| iterable_of_ints
| The iterable of items to append.
|
| find(...)
| B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| hex(...)
| Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytearray object.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = bytearray([0xb9, 0x01, 0xef])
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| index(...)
| B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| insert(self, index, item, /)
| Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index.
|
| index
| The index where the value is to be inserted.
| item
| The item to be inserted.
|
| isalnum(...)
| B.isalnum() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isalpha(...)
| B.isalpha() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isascii(...)
| B.isascii() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
| False otherwise.
|
| isdigit(...)
| B.isdigit() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are digits
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| islower(...)
| B.islower() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isspace(...)
| B.isspace() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| istitle(...)
| B.istitle() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
| character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
| characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
| otherwise.
|
| isupper(...)
| B.isupper() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
| Concatenate any number of bytes/bytearray objects.
|
| The bytearray whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
|
| The result is returned as a new bytearray object.
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| lower(...)
| B.lower() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray. If the separator is
| found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the
| separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray objects.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the copy of the
| original bytearray object and two empty bytearray objects.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return a single item from B.
|
| index
| The index from where to remove the item.
| -1 (the default value) means remove the last item.
|
| If no index argument is given, will pop the last item.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove the first occurrence of a value in the bytearray.
|
| value
| The value to remove.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a bytearray with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytearray starts with the prefix string, return
| bytearray[len(prefix):]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| bytearray.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a bytearray with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytearray ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not
| empty, return bytearray[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of
| the original bytearray.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse the order of the values in B in place.
|
| rfind(...)
| B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray, starting at the end.
| If the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray
| objects.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytearray
| objects and the copy of the original bytearray object.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytearray and working to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the bytearray, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| strip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| swapcase(...)
| B.swapcase() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
| to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
|
| title(...)
| B.title() -> copy of B
|
| Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
| characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
|
| translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
| Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
|
| All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
| The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
|
| upper(...)
| B.upper() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The original string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
| Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef')
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(frm, to, /)
| Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
|
| The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
| the same position in to.
|
| The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class bytes(object)
| bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
| bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
| bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
| bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
| bytes() -> empty bytes object
|
| Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
| - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
| - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
| - any object implementing the buffer API.
| - an integer
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __bytes__(self, /)
| Convert this value to exact type bytes.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(...)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| capitalize(...)
| B.capitalize() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
| and the rest lower-cased.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| count(...)
| B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
| bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
| as in slice notation.
|
| decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
| UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
| as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
| can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| find(...)
| B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| hex(...)
| Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| index(...)
| B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| isalnum(...)
| B.isalnum() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isalpha(...)
| B.isalpha() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isascii(...)
| B.isascii() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
| False otherwise.
|
| isdigit(...)
| B.isdigit() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are digits
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| islower(...)
| B.islower() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isspace(...)
| B.isspace() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| istitle(...)
| B.istitle() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
| character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
| characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
| otherwise.
|
| isupper(...)
| B.isupper() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
| Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
|
| The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
|
| The result is returned as a new bytes object.
|
| Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| lower(...)
| B.lower() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
| returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
| itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
| object and two empty bytes objects.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
| Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
| return bytes[:-len(prefix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| bytes.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| rfind(...)
| B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
| the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
| objects and the original bytes object.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| strip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| swapcase(...)
| B.swapcase() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
| to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
|
| title(...)
| B.title() -> copy of B
|
| Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
| characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
|
| translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
| Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
|
| All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
| The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
|
| upper(...)
| B.upper() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The original string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
| Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(frm, to, /)
| Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
|
| The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
| the same position in to.
|
| The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
class classmethod(object)
| classmethod(function) -> method
|
| Convert a function to be a class method.
|
| A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
| just like an instance method receives the instance.
| To declare a class method, use this idiom:
|
| class C:
| @classmethod
| def f(cls, arg1, arg2, argN):
| ...
|
| It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
| (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class.
| If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
| object is passed as the implied first argument.
|
| Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
| If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| __wrapped__
class complex(object)
| complex(real=0, imag=0)
|
| Create a complex number from a string or numbers.
|
| If a string is given, parse it as a complex number.
| If a single number is given, convert it to a complex number.
| If the 'real' or 'imag' arguments are given, create a complex number
| with the specified real and imaginary components.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __complex__(self, /)
| Convert this value to exact type complex.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| conjugate(self, /)
| Return the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class dict(object)
| dict() -> new empty dictionary
| dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
| (key, value) pairs
| dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
| d = {}
| for k, v in iterable:
| d[k] = v
| dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
| in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __ior__(self, value, /)
| Return self|=value.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
|
| clear(...)
| D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.
|
| copy(...)
| D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
|
| get(self, key, default=None, /)
| Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
|
| items(...)
| D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
|
| keys(...)
| D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
|
| pop(...)
| D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
|
| If the key is not found, return the default if given; otherwise,
| raise a KeyError.
|
| popitem(self, /)
| Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.
|
| Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.
| Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.
|
| setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)
| Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
|
| Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
|
| update(...)
| D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
| If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
| If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v
| In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
|
| values(...)
| D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /)
| Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class enumerate(object)
| enumerate(iterable, start=0)
|
| Return an enumerate object.
|
| iterable
| an object supporting iteration
|
| The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from start, which
| defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
|
| enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
| (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class filter(object)
| filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object
|
| Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
| is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class float(object)
| float(x=0, /)
|
| Convert a string or number to a floating-point number, if possible.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(self, /)
| Return the ceiling as an Integral.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(self, /)
| Return the floor as an Integral.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Formats the float according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __round__(self, ndigits=None, /)
| Return the Integral closest to x, rounding half toward even.
|
| When an argument is passed, work like built-in round(x, ndigits).
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(self, /)
| Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raise
| OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
|
| >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
| >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
| (-1, 4)
|
| conjugate(self, /)
| Return self, the complex conjugate of any float.
|
| hex(self, /)
| Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
|
| >>> (-0.1).hex()
| '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
| >>> 3.14159.hex()
| '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Return True if the float is an integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __getformat__(typestr, /)
| You probably don't want to use this function.
|
| typestr
| Must be 'double' or 'float'.
|
| It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite.
|
| This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE,
| little-endian' best describes the format of floating-point numbers used by the
| C type named by typestr.
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
|
| >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
| 2047.984375
| >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
| -5e-324
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class frozenset(object)
| frozenset() -> empty frozenset object
| frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object
|
| Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __contains__(...)
| x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| copy(...)
| Return a shallow copy of a set.
|
| difference(...)
| Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
|
| intersection(...)
| Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
|
| isdisjoint(...)
| Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
|
| issubset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in the set is in other.
|
| issuperset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in other is in the set.
|
| symmetric_difference(...)
| Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
|
| union(...)
| Return the union of sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class list(object)
| list(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in mutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.
| The argument must be an iterable if specified.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, index, /)
| Return self[index].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the list.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the list in memory, in bytes.
|
| append(self, object, /)
| Append object to the end of the list.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from list.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a shallow copy of the list.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| extend(self, iterable, /)
| Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| insert(self, index, object, /)
| Insert object before index.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return item at index (default last).
|
| Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove first occurrence of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse *IN PLACE*.
|
| sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
| Sort the list in ascending order and return None.
|
| The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the
| order of two equal elements is maintained).
|
| If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them,
| ascending or descending, according to their function values.
|
| The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class map(object)
| map(func, *iterables) --> map object
|
| Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from
| each of the iterables. Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class memoryview(object)
| memoryview(object)
|
| Create a new memoryview object which references the given object.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __enter__(...)
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __exit__(...)
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __release_buffer__(self, buffer, /)
| Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| cast(...)
| Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape.
|
| hex(...)
| Return the data in the buffer as a str of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = memoryview(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| release(self, /)
| Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.
|
| tobytes(self, /, order='C')
| Return the data in the buffer as a byte string.
|
| Order can be {'C', 'F', 'A'}. When order is 'C' or 'F', the data of the
| original array is converted to C or Fortran order. For contiguous views,
| 'A' returns an exact copy of the physical memory. In particular, in-memory
| Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted
| to C first. order=None is the same as order='C'.
|
| tolist(self, /)
| Return the data in the buffer as a list of elements.
|
| toreadonly(self, /)
| Return a readonly version of the memoryview.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| c_contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is C contiguous.
|
| contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is contiguous.
|
| f_contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is Fortran contiguous.
|
| format
| A string containing the format (in struct module style)
| for each element in the view.
|
| itemsize
| The size in bytes of each element of the memoryview.
|
| nbytes
| The amount of space in bytes that the array would use in
| a contiguous representation.
|
| ndim
| An integer indicating how many dimensions of a multi-dimensional
| array the memory represents.
|
| obj
| The underlying object of the memoryview.
|
| readonly
| A bool indicating whether the memory is read only.
|
| shape
| A tuple of ndim integers giving the shape of the memory
| as an N-dimensional array.
|
| strides
| A tuple of ndim integers giving the size in bytes to access
| each element for each dimension of the array.
|
| suboffsets
| A tuple of integers used internally for PIL-style arrays.
class object
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| anext_awaitable
| async_generator
| async_generator_asend
| async_generator_athrow
| ... and 90 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Default dir() implementation.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Default object formatter.
|
| Return str(self) if format_spec is empty. Raise TypeError otherwise.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getstate__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, protocol, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Size of object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __init_subclass__(...)
| This method is called when a class is subclassed.
|
| The default implementation does nothing. It may be
| overridden to extend subclasses.
|
| __subclasshook__(...)
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __class__ = <class 'type'>
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
class property(object)
| property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)
|
| Property attribute.
|
| fget
| function to be used for getting an attribute value
| fset
| function to be used for setting an attribute value
| fdel
| function to be used for del'ing an attribute
| doc
| docstring
|
| Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:
|
| class C(object):
| def getx(self): return self._x
| def setx(self, value): self._x = value
| def delx(self): del self._x
| x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")
|
| Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:
|
| class C(object):
| @property
| def x(self):
| "I am the 'x' property."
| return self._x
| @x.setter
| def x(self, value):
| self._x = value
| @x.deleter
| def x(self):
| del self._x
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delete__(self, instance, /)
| Delete an attribute of instance.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __set__(self, instance, value, /)
| Set an attribute of instance to value.
|
| __set_name__(...)
| Method to set name of a property.
|
| deleter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different deleter.
|
| getter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different getter.
|
| setter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different setter.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| fdel
|
| fget
|
| fset
class range(object)
| range(stop) -> range object
| range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
|
| Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
| to stop (exclusive) by step. range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
| start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted! range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
| These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
| When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(...)
| Return a reverse iterator.
|
| count(...)
| rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.
| Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| start
|
| step
|
| stop
class reversed(object)
| reversed(sequence, /)
|
| Return a reverse iterator over the values of the given sequence.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __length_hint__(...)
| Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __setstate__(...)
| Set state information for unpickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class set(object)
| set() -> new empty set object
| set(iterable) -> new set object
|
| Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __contains__(...)
| x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iand__(self, value, /)
| Return self&=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __ior__(self, value, /)
| Return self|=value.
|
| __isub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-=value.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __ixor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^=value.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| add(...)
| Add an element to a set.
|
| This has no effect if the element is already present.
|
| clear(...)
| Remove all elements from this set.
|
| copy(...)
| Return a shallow copy of a set.
|
| difference(...)
| Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
|
| difference_update(...)
| Remove all elements of another set from this set.
|
| discard(...)
| Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
|
| Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise
| an exception when an element is missing from the set.
|
| intersection(...)
| Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
|
| intersection_update(...)
| Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.
|
| isdisjoint(...)
| Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
|
| issubset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in the set is in other.
|
| issuperset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in other is in the set.
|
| pop(...)
| Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
| Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
|
| remove(...)
| Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
|
| If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
|
| symmetric_difference(...)
| Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
|
| symmetric_difference_update(...)
| Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.
|
| union(...)
| Return the union of sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
|
| update(...)
| Update a set with the union of itself and others.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class slice(object)
| slice(stop)
| slice(start, stop[, step])
|
| Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| indices(...)
| S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride)
|
| Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop
| indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by
| S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the
| handling of normal slices.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| start
|
| step
|
| stop
class staticmethod(object)
| staticmethod(function) -> method
|
| Convert a function to be a static method.
|
| A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
| To declare a static method, use this idiom:
|
| class C:
| @staticmethod
| def f(arg1, arg2, argN):
| ...
|
| It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
| (e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and
| neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.
|
| Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
| For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| __wrapped__
class str(object)
| str(object='') -> str
| str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
|
| Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
| errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
| that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
| Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
| or repr(object).
| encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
| errors defaults to 'strict'.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Return a formatted version of the string as described by format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(...)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the string in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| capitalize(self, /)
| Return a capitalized version of the string.
|
| More specifically, make the first character have upper case and the rest lower
| case.
|
| casefold(self, /)
| Return a version of the string suitable for caseless comparisons.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| count(...)
| S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
| string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
| interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| encode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Encode the string using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding in which to encode the string.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for encoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a
| UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
| 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
| codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| find(...)
| S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| format(...)
| S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
|
| Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
| The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
|
| format_map(...)
| S.format_map(mapping) -> str
|
| Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
| The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
|
| index(...)
| S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
|
| isalnum(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an alpha-numeric string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is alpha-numeric if all characters in the string are alpha-numeric and
| there is at least one character in the string.
|
| isalpha(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an alphabetic string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is alphabetic if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| isascii(self, /)
| Return True if all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise.
|
| ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F.
| Empty string is ASCII too.
|
| isdecimal(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a decimal string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is a decimal string if all characters in the string are decimal and
| there is at least one character in the string.
|
| isdigit(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| isidentifier(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a valid Python identifier, False otherwise.
|
| Call keyword.iskeyword(s) to test whether string s is a reserved identifier,
| such as "def" or "class".
|
| islower(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a lowercase string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is lowercase if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
| there is at least one cased character in the string.
|
| isnumeric(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at
| least one character in the string.
|
| isprintable(self, /)
| Return True if the string is printable, False otherwise.
|
| A string is printable if all of its characters are considered printable in
| repr() or if it is empty.
|
| isspace(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a whitespace string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is whitespace if all characters in the string are whitespace and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| istitle(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a title-cased string, False otherwise.
|
| In a title-cased string, upper- and title-case characters may only
| follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
|
| isupper(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
| there is at least one cased character in the string.
|
| join(self, iterable, /)
| Concatenate any number of strings.
|
| The string whose method is called is inserted in between each given string.
| The result is returned as a new string.
|
| Example: '.'.join(['ab', 'pq', 'rs']) -> 'ab.pq.rs'
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| lower(self, /)
| Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator in the string. If the separator is found,
| returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
| itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original string
| and two empty strings.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a str with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):].
| Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a str with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
| return string[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| string.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| rfind(...)
| S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator in the string, starting at the end. If
| the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty strings
| and the original string.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.
|
| sep
| The separator used to split the string.
|
| When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
| character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
| empty strings from the result.
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting starts at the end of the string and works to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.
|
| sep
| The separator used to split the string.
|
| When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
| character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
| empty strings from the result.
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting starts at the front of the string and works to the end.
|
| Note, str.split() is mainly useful for data that has been intentionally
| delimited. With natural text that includes punctuation, consider using
| the regular expression module.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
|
| strip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| swapcase(self, /)
| Convert uppercase characters to lowercase and lowercase characters to uppercase.
|
| title(self, /)
| Return a version of the string where each word is titlecased.
|
| More specifically, words start with uppercased characters and all remaining
| cased characters have lower case.
|
| translate(self, table, /)
| Replace each character in the string using the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to
| Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.
|
| The table must implement lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a
| dictionary or list. If this operation raises LookupError, the character is
| left untouched. Characters mapped to None are deleted.
|
| upper(self, /)
| Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(...)
| Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
|
| If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
| ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
| Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
| If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
| in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
| character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
| must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
class super(object)
| super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>)
| super(type) -> unbound super object
| super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
| super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
| Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
| class C(B):
| def meth(self, arg):
| super().meth(arg)
| This works for class methods too:
| class C(B):
| @classmethod
| def cmeth(cls, arg):
| super().cmeth(arg)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __self__
| the instance invoking super(); may be None
|
| __self_class__
| the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None
|
| __thisclass__
| the class invoking super()
class tuple(object)
| tuple(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in immutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
| If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
|
| If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| asyncgen_hooks
| UnraisableHookArgs
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class type(object)
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Specialized __dir__ implementation for types.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __instancecheck__(self, instance, /)
| Check if an object is an instance.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return memory consumption of the type object.
|
| __subclasscheck__(self, subclass, /)
| Check if a class is a subclass.
|
| __subclasses__(self, /)
| Return a list of immediate subclasses.
|
| mro(self, /)
| Return a type's method resolution order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __prepare__(...)
| __prepare__() -> dict
| used to create the namespace for the class statement
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__
|
| __annotations__
|
| __dict__
|
| __text_signature__
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __base__ = <class 'object'>
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
|
| __bases__ = (<class 'object'>,)
|
| __basicsize__ = 920
|
| __dictoffset__ = 264
|
| __flags__ = 2156420354
|
| __itemsize__ = 40
|
| __mro__ = (<class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)
|
| __type_params__ = ()
|
| __weakrefoffset__ = 368
class zip(object)
| zip(*iterables, strict=False) --> Yield tuples until an input is exhausted.
|
| >>> list(zip('abcdefg', range(3), range(4)))
| [('a', 0, 0), ('b', 1, 1), ('c', 2, 2)]
|
| The zip object yields n-length tuples, where n is the number of iterables
| passed as positional arguments to zip(). The i-th element in every tuple
| comes from the i-th iterable argument to zip(). This continues until the
| shortest argument is exhausted.
|
| If strict is true and one of the arguments is exhausted before the others,
| raise a ValueError.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __setstate__(...)
| Set state information for unpickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
FUNCTIONS
__build_class__(...)
__build_class__(func, name, /, *bases, [metaclass], **kwds) -> class
Internal helper function used by the class statement.
__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)
Import a module.
Because this function is meant for use by the Python
interpreter and not for general use, it is better to use
importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module.
The globals argument is only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals argument is unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...``, or an
empty list to emulate ``import name``.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. The level argument is used to determine whether to
perform absolute or relative imports: 0 is absolute, while a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.
abs(x, /)
Return the absolute value of the argument.
aiter(async_iterable, /)
Return an AsyncIterator for an AsyncIterable object.
all(iterable, /)
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return True.
anext(...)
async anext(aiterator[, default])
Return the next item from the async iterator. If default is given and the async
iterator is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopAsyncIteration.
any(iterable, /)
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return False.
ascii(obj, /)
Return an ASCII-only representation of an object.
As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \\x, \\u or \\U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.
bin(number, /)
Return the binary representation of an integer.
>>> bin(2796202)
'0b1010101010101010101010'
breakpoint(...)
breakpoint(*args, **kws)
Call sys.breakpointhook(*args, **kws). sys.breakpointhook() must accept
whatever arguments are passed.
By default, this drops you into the pdb debugger.
callable(obj, /)
Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
__call__() method.
chr(i, /)
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.
compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1)
Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().
The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.
delattr(obj, name, /)
Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y``
dir(...)
Show attributes of an object.
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
divmod(x, y, /)
Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.
eval(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)
Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
exec(source, globals=None, locals=None, /, *, closure=None)
Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
The closure must be a tuple of cellvars, and can only be used
when source is a code object requiring exactly that many cellvars.
format(value, format_spec='', /)
Return type(value).__format__(value, format_spec)
Many built-in types implement format_spec according to the
Format Specification Mini-language. See help('FORMATTING').
If type(value) does not supply a method named __format__
and format_spec is empty, then str(value) is returned.
See also help('SPECIALMETHODS').
getattr(...)
Get a named attribute from an object.
getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
globals()
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
NOTE: Updates to this dictionary *will* affect name lookups in the current
global scope and vice-versa.
hasattr(obj, name, /)
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
hash(obj, /)
Return the hash value for the given object.
Two objects that compare equal must also have the same hash value, but the
reverse is not necessarily true.
hex(number, /)
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer.
>>> hex(12648430)
'0xc0ffee'
id(obj, /)
Return the identity of an object.
This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
(CPython uses the object's memory address.)
input(prompt='', /)
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
The prompt string, if given, is printed to standard output without a
trailing newline before reading input.
If the user hits EOF (*nix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On *nix systems, readline is used if available.
isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
or ...`` etc.
issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether 'cls' is derived from another class or is the same class.
A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)
or ...``.
iter(...)
Get an iterator from an object.
In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
len(obj, /)
Return the number of items in a container.
locals()
Return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
NOTE: Whether or not updates to this dictionary will affect name lookups in
the local scope and vice-versa is *implementation dependent* and not
covered by any backwards compatibility guarantees.
max(...)
max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min(...)
min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
min(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
next(...)
Return the next item from the iterator.
If default is given and the iterator is exhausted,
it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.
oct(number, /)
Return the octal representation of an integer.
>>> oct(342391)
'0o1234567'
open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
Open file and return a stream. Raise OSError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding.
(For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding
unspecified.) The available modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'x' create a new file and open it for writing
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is
given, the default buffering policy works as follows:
* Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
"block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
* "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above
for binary files.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
to the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
similar to passing None).
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
ord(c, /)
Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string.
pow(base, exp, mod=None)
Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments
Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
print(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
sep
string inserted between values, default a space.
end
string appended after the last value, default a newline.
file
a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
flush
whether to forcibly flush the stream.
repr(obj, /)
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For many object types, including most builtins, eval(repr(obj)) == obj.
round(number, ndigits=None)
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None. Otherwise
the return value has the same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
setattr(obj, name, value, /)
Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v``
sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.
A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.
sum(iterable, /, start=0)
Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers
When the iterable is empty, return the start value.
This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may
reject non-numeric types.
vars(...)
Show vars.
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
DATA
Ellipsis = Ellipsis
False = False
None = None
NotImplemented = NotImplemented
True = True
__debug__ = True
copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundati...ematisc...
credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment. ...
exit = Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help abou...
license = Type license() to see the full license text
quit = Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
FILE
(built-in)
os.fdopen
Python Library Documentation: function fdopen in module os fdopen(fd, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, *args, **kwargs)
os.fsdecode
Python Library Documentation: function fsdecode in module os
fsdecode(filename)
Decode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) from the filesystem
encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return str unchanged. On
Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
os.fsencode
Python Library Documentation: function fsencode in module os
fsencode(filename)
Encode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) to the filesystem
encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return bytes unchanged.
On Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
os.fspath
Python Library Documentation: built-in function fspath in module nt
fspath(path)
Return the file system path representation of the object.
If the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the
object defines __fspath__(), then return the result of that method. All other
types raise a TypeError.
os.fstat
Python Library Documentation: built-in function fstat in module nt
fstat(fd)
Perform a stat system call on the given file descriptor.
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
Equivalent to os.stat(fd).
os.fsync
Python Library Documentation: built-in function fsync in module nt
fsync(fd)
Force write of fd to disk.
os.ftruncate
Python Library Documentation: built-in function ftruncate in module nt
ftruncate(fd, length, /)
Truncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length.
os.get_blocking
Python Library Documentation: built-in function get_blocking in module nt
get_blocking(fd, /)
Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor.
Return False if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared.
os.get_exec_path
Python Library Documentation: function get_exec_path in module os
get_exec_path(env=None)
Returns the sequence of directories that will be searched for the
named executable (similar to a shell) when launching a process.
*env* must be an environment variable dict or None. If *env* is None,
os.environ will be used.
os.get_handle_inheritable
Python Library Documentation: built-in function get_handle_inheritable in module nt
get_handle_inheritable(handle, /)
Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
os.get_inheritable
Python Library Documentation: built-in function get_inheritable in module nt
get_inheritable(fd, /)
Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
os.get_terminal_size
Python Library Documentation: built-in function get_terminal_size in module nt
get_terminal_size(...)
Return the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines).
The optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies
which file descriptor should be queried.
If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError
is thrown.
This function will only be defined if an implementation is
available for this system.
shutil.get_terminal_size is the high-level function which should
normally be used, os.get_terminal_size is the low-level implementation.
os.getcwd
Python Library Documentation: built-in function getcwd in module nt
getcwd()
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
os.getcwdb
Python Library Documentation: built-in function getcwdb in module nt
getcwdb()
Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.
os.getenv
Python Library Documentation: function getenv in module os
getenv(key, default=None)
Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
key, default and the result are str.
os.getlogin
Python Library Documentation: built-in function getlogin in module nt
getlogin()
Return the actual login name.
os.getpid
Python Library Documentation: built-in function getpid in module nt
getpid()
Return the current process id.
os.getppid
Python Library Documentation: built-in function getppid in module nt
getppid()
Return the parent's process id.
If the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still
return its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1).
os.isatty
Python Library Documentation: built-in function isatty in module nt
isatty(fd, /)
Return True if the fd is connected to a terminal.
Return True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor
connected to the slave end of a terminal.
os.kill
Python Library Documentation: built-in function kill in module nt
kill(pid, signal, /)
Kill a process with a signal.
os.linesep
Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for '\r\n'. Use help() to get the interactive help utility. Use help(str) for help on the str class.
os.link
Python Library Documentation: built-in function link in module nt
link(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Create a hard link to a file.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic
link, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the
file the link points to.
src_dir_fd, dst_dir_fd, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your
platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
os.listdir
Python Library Documentation: built-in function listdir in module nt
listdir(path=None)
Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes,
the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances
the filenames returned will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\
the file descriptor must refer to a directory.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
os.listdrives
Python Library Documentation: built-in function listdrives in module nt
listdrives()
Return a list containing the names of drives in the system.
A drive name typically looks like 'C:\\'.
os.listmounts
Python Library Documentation: built-in function listmounts in module nt
listmounts(volume)
Return a list containing mount points for a particular volume.
'volume' should be a GUID path as returned from os.listvolumes.
os.listvolumes
Python Library Documentation: built-in function listvolumes in module nt
listvolumes()
Return a list containing the volumes in the system.
Volumes are typically represented as a GUID path.
os.lseek
Python Library Documentation: built-in function lseek in module nt
lseek(fd, position, whence, /)
Set the position of a file descriptor. Return the new position.
fd
An open file descriptor, as returned by os.open().
position
Position, interpreted relative to 'whence'.
whence
The relative position to seek from. Valid values are:
- SEEK_SET: seek from the start of the file.
- SEEK_CUR: seek from the current file position.
- SEEK_END: seek from the end of the file.
The return value is the number of bytes relative to the beginning of the file.
os.lstat
Python Library Documentation: built-in function lstat in module nt
lstat(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Perform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links.
Like stat(), but do not follow symbolic links.
Equivalent to stat(path, follow_symlinks=False).
os.makedirs
Python Library Documentation: function makedirs in module os
makedirs(name, mode=511, exist_ok=False)
makedirs(name [, mode=0o777][, exist_ok=False])
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones. Works like
mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost)
will be created if it does not exist. If the target directory already
exists, raise an OSError if exist_ok is False. Otherwise no exception is
raised. This is recursive.
os.mkdir
Python Library Documentation: built-in function mkdir in module nt
mkdir(path, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
The mode argument is ignored on Windows. Where it is used, the current umask
value is first masked out.
os.name
Python Library Documentation: built-in module nt
NAME
nt
DESCRIPTION
This module provides access to operating system functionality that is
standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly
disguised Unix interface). Refer to the library manual and
corresponding Unix manual entries for more information on calls.
CLASSES
builtins.object
DirEntry
builtins.tuple(builtins.object)
times_result
uname_result
class DirEntry(builtins.object)
| Methods defined here:
|
| __fspath__(self, /)
| Returns the path for the entry.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| inode(self, /)
| Return inode of the entry; cached per entry.
|
| is_dir(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
| Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry.
|
| is_file(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
| Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry.
|
| is_junction(self, /)
| Return True if the entry is a junction; cached per entry.
|
| is_symlink(self, /)
| Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry.
|
| stat(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True)
| Return stat_result object for the entry; cached per entry.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() "path" argument
|
| path
| the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name)
class times_result(builtins.tuple)
| times_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| times_result: Result from os.times().
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (user, system, children_user, children_system, elapsed),
| or via the attributes user, system, children_user, children_system,
| and elapsed.
|
| See os.times for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| times_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| children_system
| system time of children
|
| children_user
| user time of children
|
| elapsed
| elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past
|
| system
| system time
|
| user
| user time
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('user', 'system', 'children_user', 'children_system'...
|
| n_fields = 5
|
| n_sequence_fields = 5
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
class uname_result(builtins.tuple)
| uname_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| uname_result: Result from os.uname().
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine),
| or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine.
|
| See os.uname for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| uname_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| machine
| hardware identifier
|
| nodename
| name of machine on network (implementation-defined)
|
| release
| operating system release
|
| sysname
| operating system name
|
| version
| operating system version
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('sysname', 'nodename', 'release', 'version', 'machin...
|
| n_fields = 5
|
| n_sequence_fields = 5
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
FUNCTIONS
abort()
Abort the interpreter immediately.
This function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible
on the hosting operating system. This function never returns.
access(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, effective_ids=False, follow_symlinks=True)
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.
path
Path to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield. Can be F_OK to test existence,
or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
effective_ids
If True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of
the real uid/gid.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
access will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd, effective_ids, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this
routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user
has the specified access to the path.
chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
chmod(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Change the access permissions of a file.
path
Path to be modified. May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield.
Be careful when using number literals for *mode*. The conventional UNIX notation for
numeric modes uses an octal base, which needs to be indicated with a ``0o`` prefix in
Python.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
chmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
close(fd)
Close a file descriptor.
closerange(fd_low, fd_high, /)
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.
cpu_count()
Return the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable.
This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can
use. The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with
``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))``
device_encoding(fd)
Return a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor.
The file descriptor must be attached to a terminal.
If the device is not a terminal, return None.
dup(fd, /)
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
dup2(fd, fd2, inheritable=True)
Duplicate file descriptor.
execv(path, argv, /)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
execve(path, argv, env)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
fspath(path)
Return the file system path representation of the object.
If the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the
object defines __fspath__(), then return the result of that method. All other
types raise a TypeError.
fstat(fd)
Perform a stat system call on the given file descriptor.
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
Equivalent to os.stat(fd).
fsync(fd)
Force write of fd to disk.
ftruncate(fd, length, /)
Truncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length.
get_blocking(fd, /)
Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor.
Return False if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared.
get_handle_inheritable(handle, /)
Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
get_inheritable(fd, /)
Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
get_terminal_size(...)
Return the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines).
The optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies
which file descriptor should be queried.
If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError
is thrown.
This function will only be defined if an implementation is
available for this system.
shutil.get_terminal_size is the high-level function which should
normally be used, os.get_terminal_size is the low-level implementation.
getcwd()
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
getcwdb()
Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.
getlogin()
Return the actual login name.
getpid()
Return the current process id.
getppid()
Return the parent's process id.
If the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still
return its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1).
isatty(fd, /)
Return True if the fd is connected to a terminal.
Return True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor
connected to the slave end of a terminal.
kill(pid, signal, /)
Kill a process with a signal.
link(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Create a hard link to a file.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic
link, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the
file the link points to.
src_dir_fd, dst_dir_fd, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your
platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
listdir(path=None)
Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes,
the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances
the filenames returned will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\
the file descriptor must refer to a directory.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
listdrives()
Return a list containing the names of drives in the system.
A drive name typically looks like 'C:\\'.
listmounts(volume)
Return a list containing mount points for a particular volume.
'volume' should be a GUID path as returned from os.listvolumes.
listvolumes()
Return a list containing the volumes in the system.
Volumes are typically represented as a GUID path.
lseek(fd, position, whence, /)
Set the position of a file descriptor. Return the new position.
fd
An open file descriptor, as returned by os.open().
position
Position, interpreted relative to 'whence'.
whence
The relative position to seek from. Valid values are:
- SEEK_SET: seek from the start of the file.
- SEEK_CUR: seek from the current file position.
- SEEK_END: seek from the end of the file.
The return value is the number of bytes relative to the beginning of the file.
lstat(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Perform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links.
Like stat(), but do not follow symbolic links.
Equivalent to stat(path, follow_symlinks=False).
mkdir(path, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
The mode argument is ignored on Windows. Where it is used, the current umask
value is first masked out.
open(path, flags, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Open a file for low level IO. Returns a file descriptor (integer).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
pipe()
Create a pipe.
Returns a tuple of two file descriptors:
(read_fd, write_fd)
putenv(name, value, /)
Change or add an environment variable.
read(fd, length, /)
Read from a file descriptor. Returns a bytes object.
readlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable,
using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as unlink()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
replace(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory, overwriting the destination.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
scandir(path=None)
Return an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path
is bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in
all other circumstances they will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
set_blocking(fd, blocking, /)
Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor.
Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False,
clear the O_NONBLOCK flag otherwise.
set_handle_inheritable(handle, inheritable, /)
Set the inheritable flag of the specified handle.
set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, /)
Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.
spawnv(mode, path, argv, /)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
mode
Mode of process creation.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
spawnve(mode, path, argv, env, /)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
mode
Mode of process creation.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
startfile(...)
Start a file with its associated application.
When "operation" is not specified or "open", this acts like
double-clicking the file in Explorer, or giving the file name as an
argument to the DOS "start" command: the file is opened with whatever
application (if any) its extension is associated.
When another "operation" is given, it specifies what should be done with
the file. A typical operation is "print".
"arguments" is passed to the application, but should be omitted if the
file is a document.
"cwd" is the working directory for the operation. If "filepath" is
relative, it will be resolved against this directory. This argument
should usually be an absolute path.
"show_cmd" can be used to override the recommended visibility option.
See the Windows ShellExecute documentation for values.
startfile returns as soon as the associated application is launched.
There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way
to retrieve the application's exit status.
The filepath is relative to the current directory. If you want to use
an absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash ("/");
the underlying Win32 ShellExecute function doesn't work if it is.
stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
path
Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or
open-file-descriptor int.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to
that directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
It's an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
strerror(code, /)
Translate an error code to a message string.
symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.
target_is_directory is required on Windows if the target is to be
interpreted as a directory. (On Windows, symlink requires
Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.)
target_is_directory is ignored on non-Windows platforms.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
system(command)
Execute the command in a subshell.
times()
Return a collection containing process timing information.
The object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields:
(utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
All fields are floating-point numbers.
truncate(path, length)
Truncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
umask(mask, /)
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as remove()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
unsetenv(name, /)
Delete an environment variable.
urandom(size, /)
Return a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
utime(...)
Set the access and modified time of path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);
atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.
If ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns);
atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds
since the epoch.
If times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time.
Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path
as an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
waitpid(pid, options, /)
Wait for completion of a given process.
Returns a tuple of information regarding the process:
(pid, status << 8)
The options argument is ignored on Windows.
waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
Convert a wait status to an exit code.
On Unix:
* If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status).
* If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status).
* Otherwise, raise a ValueError.
On Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits.
On Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with
WUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
This function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
write(fd, data, /)
Write a bytes object to a file descriptor.
DATA
EX_OK = 0
F_OK = 0
O_APPEND = 8
O_BINARY = 32768
O_CREAT = 256
O_EXCL = 1024
O_NOINHERIT = 128
O_RANDOM = 16
O_RDONLY = 0
O_RDWR = 2
O_SEQUENTIAL = 32
O_SHORT_LIVED = 4096
O_TEMPORARY = 64
O_TEXT = 16384
O_TRUNC = 512
O_WRONLY = 1
P_DETACH = 4
P_NOWAIT = 1
P_NOWAITO = 3
P_OVERLAY = 2
P_WAIT = 0
R_OK = 4
TMP_MAX = 2147483647
W_OK = 2
X_OK = 1
environ = {'ALLUSERSPROFILE': r'C:\ProgramData', 'APPDATA': r'C:\Users...
FILE
(built-in)
os.open
Python Library Documentation: built-in function open in module nt
open(path, flags, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Open a file for low level IO. Returns a file descriptor (integer).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.pardir
Python Library Documentation: built-in module builtins in .
NAME
builtins - Built-in functions, types, exceptions, and other objects.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides direct access to all 'built-in'
identifiers of Python; for example, builtins.len is
the full name for the built-in function len().
This module is not normally accessed explicitly by most
applications, but can be useful in modules that provide
objects with the same name as a built-in value, but in
which the built-in of that name is also needed.
CLASSES
object
BaseException
BaseExceptionGroup
ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)
Exception
ArithmeticError
FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BufferError
EOFError
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
LookupError
IndexError
KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
OSError
BlockingIOError
ChildProcessError
ConnectionError
BrokenPipeError
ConnectionAbortedError
ConnectionRefusedError
ConnectionResetError
FileExistsError
FileNotFoundError
InterruptedError
IsADirectoryError
NotADirectoryError
PermissionError
ProcessLookupError
TimeoutError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
NotImplementedError
RecursionError
StopAsyncIteration
StopIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
Warning
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
EncodingWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
ResourceWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
GeneratorExit
KeyboardInterrupt
SystemExit
bytearray
bytes
classmethod
complex
dict
enumerate
filter
float
frozenset
int
bool
list
map
memoryview
property
range
reversed
set
slice
staticmethod
str
super
tuple
type
zip
class ArithmeticError(Exception)
| Base class for arithmetic errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| FloatingPointError
| OverflowError
| ZeroDivisionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class AssertionError(Exception)
| Assertion failed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| AssertionError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class AttributeError(Exception)
| Attribute not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| AttributeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getstate__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| attribute name
|
| obj
| object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BaseException(object)
| Common base class for all exceptions
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BaseExceptionGroup
| Exception
| GeneratorExit
| KeyboardInterrupt
| ... and 1 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BaseExceptionGroup(BaseException)
| A combination of multiple unrelated exceptions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BaseExceptionGroup
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ExceptionGroup
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| derive(...)
|
| split(...)
|
| subgroup(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| exceptions
| nested exceptions
|
| message
| exception message
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BlockingIOError(OSError)
| I/O operation would block.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BlockingIOError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BrokenPipeError(ConnectionError)
| Broken pipe.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BrokenPipeError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BufferError(Exception)
| Buffer error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BufferError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class BytesWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about bytes and buffer related problems, mostly
| related to conversion from str or comparing to str.
|
| Method resolution order:
| BytesWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ChildProcessError(OSError)
| Child process error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ChildProcessError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionAbortedError(ConnectionError)
| Connection aborted.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionAbortedError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionError(OSError)
| Connection error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BrokenPipeError
| ConnectionAbortedError
| ConnectionRefusedError
| ConnectionResetError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionRefusedError(ConnectionError)
| Connection refused.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionRefusedError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ConnectionResetError(ConnectionError)
| Connection reset.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ConnectionResetError
| ConnectionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class DeprecationWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
|
| Method resolution order:
| DeprecationWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class EOFError(Exception)
| Read beyond end of file.
|
| Method resolution order:
| EOFError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class EncodingWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about encodings.
|
| Method resolution order:
| EncodingWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
EnvironmentError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Exception(BaseException)
| Common base class for all non-exit exceptions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ArithmeticError
| AssertionError
| AttributeError
| BufferError
| ... and 16 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)
| Method resolution order:
| ExceptionGroup
| BaseExceptionGroup
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| derive(...)
|
| split(...)
|
| subgroup(...)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseExceptionGroup
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:
|
| exceptions
| nested exceptions
|
| message
| exception message
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FileExistsError(OSError)
| File already exists.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FileExistsError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FileNotFoundError(OSError)
| File not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FileNotFoundError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FloatingPointError(ArithmeticError)
| Floating-point operation failed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FloatingPointError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FutureWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically
| in the future.
|
| Method resolution order:
| FutureWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class GeneratorExit(BaseException)
| Request that a generator exit.
|
| Method resolution order:
| GeneratorExit
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
IOError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ImportError(Exception)
| Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ImportError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| ModuleNotFoundError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| msg
| exception message
|
| name
| module name
|
| name_from
| name imported from module
|
| path
| module path
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ImportWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports
|
| Method resolution order:
| ImportWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IndentationError(SyntaxError)
| Improper indentation.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IndentationError
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| TabError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IndexError(LookupError)
| Sequence index out of range.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IndexError
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class InterruptedError(OSError)
| Interrupted by signal.
|
| Method resolution order:
| InterruptedError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class IsADirectoryError(OSError)
| Operation doesn't work on directories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| IsADirectoryError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class KeyError(LookupError)
| Mapping key not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| KeyError
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from LookupError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of LookupError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class KeyboardInterrupt(BaseException)
| Program interrupted by user.
|
| Method resolution order:
| KeyboardInterrupt
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class LookupError(Exception)
| Base class for lookup errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| LookupError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| IndexError
| KeyError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class MemoryError(Exception)
| Out of memory.
|
| Method resolution order:
| MemoryError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ModuleNotFoundError(ImportError)
| Module not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ModuleNotFoundError
| ImportError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from ImportError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from ImportError:
|
| msg
| exception message
|
| name
| module name
|
| name_from
| name imported from module
|
| path
| module path
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NameError(Exception)
| Name not found globally.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NameError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnboundLocalError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| name
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NotADirectoryError(OSError)
| Operation only works on directories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NotADirectoryError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class NotImplementedError(RuntimeError)
| Method or function hasn't been implemented yet.
|
| Method resolution order:
| NotImplementedError
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class OverflowError(ArithmeticError)
| Result too large to be represented.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OverflowError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class PendingDeprecationWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated
| in the future.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PendingDeprecationWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class PermissionError(OSError)
| Not enough permissions.
|
| Method resolution order:
| PermissionError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ProcessLookupError(OSError)
| Process not found.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ProcessLookupError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RecursionError(RuntimeError)
| Recursion limit exceeded.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RecursionError
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ReferenceError(Exception)
| Weak ref proxy used after referent went away.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ReferenceError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ResourceWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about resource usage.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ResourceWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RuntimeError(Exception)
| Unspecified run-time error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| NotImplementedError
| RecursionError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class RuntimeWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
|
| Method resolution order:
| RuntimeWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class StopAsyncIteration(Exception)
| Signal the end from iterator.__anext__().
|
| Method resolution order:
| StopAsyncIteration
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class StopIteration(Exception)
| Signal the end from iterator.__next__().
|
| Method resolution order:
| StopIteration
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| value
| generator return value
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SyntaxError(Exception)
| Invalid syntax.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| IndentationError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SyntaxWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SyntaxWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SystemError(Exception)
| Internal error in the Python interpreter.
|
| Please report this to the Python maintainer, along with the traceback,
| the Python version, and the hardware/OS platform and version.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SystemError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class SystemExit(BaseException)
| Request to exit from the interpreter.
|
| Method resolution order:
| SystemExit
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| code
| exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseException
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TabError(IndentationError)
| Improper mixture of spaces and tabs.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TabError
| IndentationError
| SyntaxError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:
|
| end_lineno
| exception end lineno
|
| end_offset
| exception end offset
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| lineno
| exception lineno
|
| msg
| exception msg
|
| offset
| exception offset
|
| print_file_and_line
| exception print_file_and_line
|
| text
| exception text
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TimeoutError(OSError)
| Timeout expired.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TimeoutError
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from OSError:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from OSError:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class TypeError(Exception)
| Inappropriate argument type.
|
| Method resolution order:
| TypeError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnboundLocalError(NameError)
| Local name referenced but not bound to a value.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnboundLocalError
| NameError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from NameError:
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from NameError:
|
| name
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods inherited from Exception:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode decoding error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeDecodeError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeEncodeError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode encoding error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeEncodeError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeError(ValueError)
| Unicode related error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnicodeDecodeError
| UnicodeEncodeError
| UnicodeTranslateError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeTranslateError(UnicodeError)
| Unicode translation error.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeTranslateError
| UnicodeError
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| encoding
| exception encoding
|
| end
| exception end
|
| object
| exception object
|
| reason
| exception reason
|
| start
| exception start
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UnicodeWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings about Unicode related problems, mostly
| related to conversion problems.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UnicodeWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class UserWarning(Warning)
| Base class for warnings generated by user code.
|
| Method resolution order:
| UserWarning
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ValueError(Exception)
| Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).
|
| Method resolution order:
| ValueError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| UnicodeError
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class Warning(Exception)
| Base class for warning categories.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Warning
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BytesWarning
| DeprecationWarning
| EncodingWarning
| FutureWarning
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
WindowsError = class OSError(Exception)
| Base class for I/O related errors.
|
| Method resolution order:
| OSError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| BlockingIOError
| ChildProcessError
| ConnectionError
| FileExistsError
| ... and 7 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| characters_written
|
| errno
| POSIX exception code
|
| filename
| exception filename
|
| filename2
| second exception filename
|
| strerror
| exception strerror
|
| winerror
| Win32 exception code
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class ZeroDivisionError(ArithmeticError)
| Second argument to a division or modulo operation was zero.
|
| Method resolution order:
| ZeroDivisionError
| ArithmeticError
| Exception
| BaseException
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from BaseException:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| add_note(...)
| Exception.add_note(note) --
| add a note to the exception
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class bool(int)
| bool(x) -> bool
|
| Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.
| The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
| The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.
|
| Method resolution order:
| bool
| int
| object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from int:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from int:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from int:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class bytearray(object)
| bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray
| bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray
| bytearray(bytes_or_buffer) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
| bytearray(int) -> bytes array of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
| bytearray() -> empty bytes array
|
| Construct a mutable bytearray object from:
| - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
| - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
| - a bytes or a buffer object
| - any object implementing the buffer API.
| - an integer
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __alloc__(...)
| B.__alloc__() -> int
|
| Return the number of bytes actually allocated.
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, proto=0, /)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __release_buffer__(self, buffer, /)
| Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns the size of the bytearray object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| append(self, item, /)
| Append a single item to the end of the bytearray.
|
| item
| The item to be appended.
|
| capitalize(...)
| B.capitalize() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
| and the rest lower-cased.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from the bytearray.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a copy of B.
|
| count(...)
| B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
| bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
| as in slice notation.
|
| decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Decode the bytearray using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding with which to decode the bytearray.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
| UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
| as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
| can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| extend(self, iterable_of_ints, /)
| Append all the items from the iterator or sequence to the end of the bytearray.
|
| iterable_of_ints
| The iterable of items to append.
|
| find(...)
| B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| hex(...)
| Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytearray object.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = bytearray([0xb9, 0x01, 0xef])
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| index(...)
| B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| insert(self, index, item, /)
| Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index.
|
| index
| The index where the value is to be inserted.
| item
| The item to be inserted.
|
| isalnum(...)
| B.isalnum() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isalpha(...)
| B.isalpha() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isascii(...)
| B.isascii() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
| False otherwise.
|
| isdigit(...)
| B.isdigit() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are digits
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| islower(...)
| B.islower() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isspace(...)
| B.isspace() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| istitle(...)
| B.istitle() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
| character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
| characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
| otherwise.
|
| isupper(...)
| B.isupper() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
| Concatenate any number of bytes/bytearray objects.
|
| The bytearray whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
|
| The result is returned as a new bytearray object.
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| lower(...)
| B.lower() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray. If the separator is
| found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the
| separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray objects.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the copy of the
| original bytearray object and two empty bytearray objects.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return a single item from B.
|
| index
| The index from where to remove the item.
| -1 (the default value) means remove the last item.
|
| If no index argument is given, will pop the last item.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove the first occurrence of a value in the bytearray.
|
| value
| The value to remove.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a bytearray with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytearray starts with the prefix string, return
| bytearray[len(prefix):]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| bytearray.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a bytearray with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytearray ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not
| empty, return bytearray[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of
| the original bytearray.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse the order of the values in B in place.
|
| rfind(...)
| B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray, starting at the end.
| If the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray
| objects.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytearray
| objects and the copy of the original bytearray object.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytearray and working to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the bytearray, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| strip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| swapcase(...)
| B.swapcase() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
| to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
|
| title(...)
| B.title() -> copy of B
|
| Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
| characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
|
| translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
| Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
|
| All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
| The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
|
| upper(...)
| B.upper() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The original string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
| Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef')
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(frm, to, /)
| Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
|
| The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
| the same position in to.
|
| The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class bytes(object)
| bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
| bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
| bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
| bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
| bytes() -> empty bytes object
|
| Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
| - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
| - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
| - any object implementing the buffer API.
| - an integer
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __bytes__(self, /)
| Convert this value to exact type bytes.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(...)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| capitalize(...)
| B.capitalize() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
| and the rest lower-cased.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| count(...)
| B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
| bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
| as in slice notation.
|
| decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
| UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
| as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
| can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| find(...)
| B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| hex(...)
| Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| index(...)
| B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| isalnum(...)
| B.isalnum() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isalpha(...)
| B.isalpha() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isascii(...)
| B.isascii() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
| False otherwise.
|
| isdigit(...)
| B.isdigit() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are digits
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| islower(...)
| B.islower() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| isspace(...)
| B.isspace() -> bool
|
| Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
| and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.
|
| istitle(...)
| B.istitle() -> bool
|
| Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
| character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
| characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
| otherwise.
|
| isupper(...)
| B.isupper() -> bool
|
| Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
| at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.
|
| join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)
| Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
|
| The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
|
| The result is returned as a new bytes object.
|
| Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| lower(...)
| B.lower() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
| returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
| itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
| object and two empty bytes objects.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
| Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
| return bytes[:-len(prefix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| bytes.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| rfind(...)
| B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within B[start,end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character.
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
| the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
| objects and the original bytes object.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
|
| sep
| The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
| None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
| (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits to do.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.
|
| strip(self, bytes=None, /)
| Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
|
| If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
|
| swapcase(...)
| B.swapcase() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
| to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.
|
| title(...)
| B.title() -> copy of B
|
| Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
| characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
|
| translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')
| Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
|
| All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
| The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
|
| upper(...)
| B.upper() -> copy of B
|
| Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The original string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
| Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(frm, to, /)
| Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
|
| The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
| the same position in to.
|
| The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
class classmethod(object)
| classmethod(function) -> method
|
| Convert a function to be a class method.
|
| A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
| just like an instance method receives the instance.
| To declare a class method, use this idiom:
|
| class C:
| @classmethod
| def f(cls, arg1, arg2, argN):
| ...
|
| It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
| (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class.
| If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
| object is passed as the implied first argument.
|
| Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
| If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| __wrapped__
class complex(object)
| complex(real=0, imag=0)
|
| Create a complex number from a string or numbers.
|
| If a string is given, parse it as a complex number.
| If a single number is given, convert it to a complex number.
| If the 'real' or 'imag' arguments are given, create a complex number
| with the specified real and imaginary components.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __complex__(self, /)
| Convert this value to exact type complex.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| conjugate(self, /)
| Return the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class dict(object)
| dict() -> new empty dictionary
| dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
| (key, value) pairs
| dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
| d = {}
| for k, v in iterable:
| d[k] = v
| dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
| in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __ior__(self, value, /)
| Return self|=value.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
|
| clear(...)
| D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.
|
| copy(...)
| D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
|
| get(self, key, default=None, /)
| Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
|
| items(...)
| D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
|
| keys(...)
| D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
|
| pop(...)
| D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
|
| If the key is not found, return the default if given; otherwise,
| raise a KeyError.
|
| popitem(self, /)
| Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.
|
| Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.
| Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.
|
| setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)
| Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
|
| Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
|
| update(...)
| D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
| If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
| If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v
| In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
|
| values(...)
| D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /)
| Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class enumerate(object)
| enumerate(iterable, start=0)
|
| Return an enumerate object.
|
| iterable
| an object supporting iteration
|
| The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from start, which
| defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
|
| enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
| (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class filter(object)
| filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object
|
| Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
| is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class float(object)
| float(x=0, /)
|
| Convert a string or number to a floating-point number, if possible.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(self, /)
| Return the ceiling as an Integral.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(self, /)
| Return the floor as an Integral.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Formats the float according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __round__(self, ndigits=None, /)
| Return the Integral closest to x, rounding half toward even.
|
| When an argument is passed, work like built-in round(x, ndigits).
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(self, /)
| Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raise
| OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
|
| >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
| >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
| (-1, 4)
|
| conjugate(self, /)
| Return self, the complex conjugate of any float.
|
| hex(self, /)
| Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
|
| >>> (-0.1).hex()
| '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
| >>> 3.14159.hex()
| '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Return True if the float is an integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __getformat__(typestr, /)
| You probably don't want to use this function.
|
| typestr
| Must be 'double' or 'float'.
|
| It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite.
|
| This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE,
| little-endian' best describes the format of floating-point numbers used by the
| C type named by typestr.
|
| fromhex(string, /)
| Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
|
| >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
| 2047.984375
| >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
| -5e-324
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class frozenset(object)
| frozenset() -> empty frozenset object
| frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object
|
| Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __contains__(...)
| x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| copy(...)
| Return a shallow copy of a set.
|
| difference(...)
| Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
|
| intersection(...)
| Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
|
| isdisjoint(...)
| Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
|
| issubset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in the set is in other.
|
| issuperset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in other is in the set.
|
| symmetric_difference(...)
| Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
|
| union(...)
| Return the union of sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating-point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Convert to a string according to format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
|
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.
|
| The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_count(self, /)
| Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.
|
| Also known as the population count.
|
| >>> bin(13)
| '0b1101'
| >>> (13).bit_count()
| 3
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| is_integer(self, /)
| Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default
| is length 1.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
| If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
| is raised.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)
| Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
|
| bytes
| Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either
| support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
| Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
| buffer protocol.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use
| `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'.
| signed
| Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| denominator
| the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| imag
| the imaginary part of a complex number
|
| numerator
| the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms
|
| real
| the real part of a complex number
class list(object)
| list(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in mutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.
| The argument must be an iterable if specified.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, index, /)
| Return self[index].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iadd__(self, value, /)
| Implement self+=value.
|
| __imul__(self, value, /)
| Implement self*=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(self, /)
| Return a reverse iterator over the list.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the list in memory, in bytes.
|
| append(self, object, /)
| Append object to the end of the list.
|
| clear(self, /)
| Remove all items from list.
|
| copy(self, /)
| Return a shallow copy of the list.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| extend(self, iterable, /)
| Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| insert(self, index, object, /)
| Insert object before index.
|
| pop(self, index=-1, /)
| Remove and return item at index (default last).
|
| Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
|
| remove(self, value, /)
| Remove first occurrence of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| reverse(self, /)
| Reverse *IN PLACE*.
|
| sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
| Sort the list in ascending order and return None.
|
| The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the
| order of two equal elements is maintained).
|
| If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them,
| ascending or descending, according to their function values.
|
| The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class map(object)
| map(func, *iterables) --> map object
|
| Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from
| each of the iterables. Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class memoryview(object)
| memoryview(object)
|
| Create a new memoryview object which references the given object.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __buffer__(self, flags, /)
| Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __delitem__(self, key, /)
| Delete self[key].
|
| __enter__(...)
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __exit__(...)
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __release_buffer__(self, buffer, /)
| Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
| Set self[key] to value.
|
| cast(...)
| Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape.
|
| hex(...)
| Return the data in the buffer as a str of hexadecimal numbers.
|
| sep
| An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
| bytes_per_sep
| How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the
| right, negative values count from the left.
|
| Example:
| >>> value = memoryview(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
| >>> value.hex()
| 'b901ef'
| >>> value.hex(':')
| 'b9:01:ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', 2)
| 'b9:01ef'
| >>> value.hex(':', -2)
| 'b901:ef'
|
| release(self, /)
| Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.
|
| tobytes(self, /, order='C')
| Return the data in the buffer as a byte string.
|
| Order can be {'C', 'F', 'A'}. When order is 'C' or 'F', the data of the
| original array is converted to C or Fortran order. For contiguous views,
| 'A' returns an exact copy of the physical memory. In particular, in-memory
| Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted
| to C first. order=None is the same as order='C'.
|
| tolist(self, /)
| Return the data in the buffer as a list of elements.
|
| toreadonly(self, /)
| Return a readonly version of the memoryview.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| c_contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is C contiguous.
|
| contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is contiguous.
|
| f_contiguous
| A bool indicating whether the memory is Fortran contiguous.
|
| format
| A string containing the format (in struct module style)
| for each element in the view.
|
| itemsize
| The size in bytes of each element of the memoryview.
|
| nbytes
| The amount of space in bytes that the array would use in
| a contiguous representation.
|
| ndim
| An integer indicating how many dimensions of a multi-dimensional
| array the memory represents.
|
| obj
| The underlying object of the memoryview.
|
| readonly
| A bool indicating whether the memory is read only.
|
| shape
| A tuple of ndim integers giving the shape of the memory
| as an N-dimensional array.
|
| strides
| A tuple of ndim integers giving the size in bytes to access
| each element for each dimension of the array.
|
| suboffsets
| A tuple of integers used internally for PIL-style arrays.
class object
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| anext_awaitable
| async_generator
| async_generator_asend
| async_generator_athrow
| ... and 90 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Default dir() implementation.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Default object formatter.
|
| Return str(self) if format_spec is empty. Raise TypeError otherwise.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getstate__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, protocol, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Size of object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __init_subclass__(...)
| This method is called when a class is subclassed.
|
| The default implementation does nothing. It may be
| overridden to extend subclasses.
|
| __subclasshook__(...)
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __class__ = <class 'type'>
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
class property(object)
| property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)
|
| Property attribute.
|
| fget
| function to be used for getting an attribute value
| fset
| function to be used for setting an attribute value
| fdel
| function to be used for del'ing an attribute
| doc
| docstring
|
| Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:
|
| class C(object):
| def getx(self): return self._x
| def setx(self, value): self._x = value
| def delx(self): del self._x
| x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")
|
| Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:
|
| class C(object):
| @property
| def x(self):
| "I am the 'x' property."
| return self._x
| @x.setter
| def x(self, value):
| self._x = value
| @x.deleter
| def x(self):
| del self._x
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delete__(self, instance, /)
| Delete an attribute of instance.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __set__(self, instance, value, /)
| Set an attribute of instance to value.
|
| __set_name__(...)
| Method to set name of a property.
|
| deleter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different deleter.
|
| getter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different getter.
|
| setter(...)
| Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different setter.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| fdel
|
| fget
|
| fset
class range(object)
| range(stop) -> range object
| range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
|
| Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
| to stop (exclusive) by step. range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
| start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted! range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
| These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
| When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| True if self else False
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __reversed__(...)
| Return a reverse iterator.
|
| count(...)
| rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.
| Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| start
|
| step
|
| stop
class reversed(object)
| reversed(sequence, /)
|
| Return a reverse iterator over the values of the given sequence.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __length_hint__(...)
| Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __setstate__(...)
| Set state information for unpickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class set(object)
| set() -> new empty set object
| set(iterable) -> new set object
|
| Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __contains__(...)
| x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __iand__(self, value, /)
| Return self&=value.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __ior__(self, value, /)
| Return self|=value.
|
| __isub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-=value.
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __ixor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^=value.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(...)
| S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| add(...)
| Add an element to a set.
|
| This has no effect if the element is already present.
|
| clear(...)
| Remove all elements from this set.
|
| copy(...)
| Return a shallow copy of a set.
|
| difference(...)
| Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
|
| difference_update(...)
| Remove all elements of another set from this set.
|
| discard(...)
| Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
|
| Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise
| an exception when an element is missing from the set.
|
| intersection(...)
| Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
|
| intersection_update(...)
| Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.
|
| isdisjoint(...)
| Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
|
| issubset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in the set is in other.
|
| issuperset(self, other, /)
| Test whether every element in other is in the set.
|
| pop(...)
| Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
| Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
|
| remove(...)
| Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
|
| If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
|
| symmetric_difference(...)
| Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
|
| symmetric_difference_update(...)
| Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.
|
| union(...)
| Return the union of sets as a new set.
|
| (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
|
| update(...)
| Update a set with the union of itself and others.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class slice(object)
| slice(stop)
| slice(start, stop[, step])
|
| Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| indices(...)
| S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride)
|
| Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop
| indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by
| S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the
| handling of normal slices.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| start
|
| step
|
| stop
class staticmethod(object)
| staticmethod(function) -> method
|
| Convert a function to be a static method.
|
| A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
| To declare a static method, use this idiom:
|
| class C:
| @staticmethod
| def f(arg1, arg2, argN):
| ...
|
| It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
| (e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and
| neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.
|
| Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
| For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
|
| __func__
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| __wrapped__
class str(object)
| str(object='') -> str
| str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
|
| Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
| errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
| that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
| Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
| or repr(object).
| encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
| errors defaults to 'strict'.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Return a formatted version of the string as described by format_spec.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(...)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return the size of the string in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| capitalize(self, /)
| Return a capitalized version of the string.
|
| More specifically, make the first character have upper case and the rest lower
| case.
|
| casefold(self, /)
| Return a version of the string suitable for caseless comparisons.
|
| center(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a centered string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| count(...)
| S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
| string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
| interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| encode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
| Encode the string using the codec registered for encoding.
|
| encoding
| The encoding in which to encode the string.
| errors
| The error handling scheme to use for encoding errors.
| The default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a
| UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
| 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
| codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
|
| endswith(...)
| S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
| suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
|
| expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)
| Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
|
| If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
|
| find(...)
| S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| format(...)
| S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
|
| Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
| The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
|
| format_map(...)
| S.format_map(mapping) -> str
|
| Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
| The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
|
| index(...)
| S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
|
| isalnum(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an alpha-numeric string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is alpha-numeric if all characters in the string are alpha-numeric and
| there is at least one character in the string.
|
| isalpha(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an alphabetic string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is alphabetic if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| isascii(self, /)
| Return True if all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise.
|
| ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F.
| Empty string is ASCII too.
|
| isdecimal(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a decimal string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is a decimal string if all characters in the string are decimal and
| there is at least one character in the string.
|
| isdigit(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| isidentifier(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a valid Python identifier, False otherwise.
|
| Call keyword.iskeyword(s) to test whether string s is a reserved identifier,
| such as "def" or "class".
|
| islower(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a lowercase string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is lowercase if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
| there is at least one cased character in the string.
|
| isnumeric(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at
| least one character in the string.
|
| isprintable(self, /)
| Return True if the string is printable, False otherwise.
|
| A string is printable if all of its characters are considered printable in
| repr() or if it is empty.
|
| isspace(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a whitespace string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is whitespace if all characters in the string are whitespace and there
| is at least one character in the string.
|
| istitle(self, /)
| Return True if the string is a title-cased string, False otherwise.
|
| In a title-cased string, upper- and title-case characters may only
| follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
|
| isupper(self, /)
| Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.
|
| A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
| there is at least one cased character in the string.
|
| join(self, iterable, /)
| Concatenate any number of strings.
|
| The string whose method is called is inserted in between each given string.
| The result is returned as a new string.
|
| Example: '.'.join(['ab', 'pq', 'rs']) -> 'ab.pq.rs'
|
| ljust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a left-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| lower(self, /)
| Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.
|
| lstrip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| partition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator in the string. If the separator is found,
| returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
| itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original string
| and two empty strings.
|
| removeprefix(self, prefix, /)
| Return a str with the given prefix string removed if present.
|
| If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):].
| Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
|
| removesuffix(self, suffix, /)
| Return a str with the given suffix string removed if present.
|
| If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
| return string[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
| string.
|
| replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)
| Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
|
| count
| Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
| -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
|
| If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
| replaced.
|
| rfind(...)
| S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Return -1 on failure.
|
| rindex(...)
| S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
|
| Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
| such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
| arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
|
| Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
|
| rjust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)
| Return a right-justified string of length width.
|
| Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
|
| rpartition(self, sep, /)
| Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.
|
| This will search for the separator in the string, starting at the end. If
| the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
| separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
|
| If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty strings
| and the original string.
|
| rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.
|
| sep
| The separator used to split the string.
|
| When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
| character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
| empty strings from the result.
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting starts at the end of the string and works to the front.
|
| rstrip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)
| Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.
|
| sep
| The separator used to split the string.
|
| When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
| character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
| empty strings from the result.
| maxsplit
| Maximum number of splits.
| -1 (the default value) means no limit.
|
| Splitting starts at the front of the string and works to the end.
|
| Note, str.split() is mainly useful for data that has been intentionally
| delimited. With natural text that includes punctuation, consider using
| the regular expression module.
|
| splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)
| Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.
|
| Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
| true.
|
| startswith(...)
| S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
|
| Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
| With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
| With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
| prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
|
| strip(self, chars=None, /)
| Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.
|
| If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
|
| swapcase(self, /)
| Convert uppercase characters to lowercase and lowercase characters to uppercase.
|
| title(self, /)
| Return a version of the string where each word is titlecased.
|
| More specifically, words start with uppercased characters and all remaining
| cased characters have lower case.
|
| translate(self, table, /)
| Replace each character in the string using the given translation table.
|
| table
| Translation table, which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to
| Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.
|
| The table must implement lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a
| dictionary or list. If this operation raises LookupError, the character is
| left untouched. Characters mapped to None are deleted.
|
| upper(self, /)
| Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.
|
| zfill(self, width, /)
| Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.
|
| The string is never truncated.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| maketrans(...)
| Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
|
| If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
| ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
| Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
| If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
| in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
| character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
| must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
class super(object)
| super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>)
| super(type) -> unbound super object
| super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
| super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
| Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
| class C(B):
| def meth(self, arg):
| super().meth(arg)
| This works for class methods too:
| class C(B):
| @classmethod
| def cmeth(cls, arg):
| super().cmeth(arg)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)
| Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __self__
| the instance invoking super(); may be None
|
| __self_class__
| the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None
|
| __thisclass__
| the class invoking super()
class tuple(object)
| tuple(iterable=(), /)
|
| Built-in immutable sequence.
|
| If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
| If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
|
| If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| asyncgen_hooks
| UnraisableHookArgs
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
class type(object)
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Call self as a function.
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Specialized __dir__ implementation for types.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __instancecheck__(self, instance, /)
| Check if an object is an instance.
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Return memory consumption of the type object.
|
| __subclasscheck__(self, subclass, /)
| Check if a class is a subclass.
|
| __subclasses__(self, /)
| Return a list of immediate subclasses.
|
| mro(self, /)
| Return a type's method resolution order.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __prepare__(...)
| __prepare__() -> dict
| used to create the namespace for the class statement
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__
|
| __annotations__
|
| __dict__
|
| __text_signature__
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __base__ = <class 'object'>
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
|
| __bases__ = (<class 'object'>,)
|
| __basicsize__ = 920
|
| __dictoffset__ = 264
|
| __flags__ = 2156420354
|
| __itemsize__ = 40
|
| __mro__ = (<class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)
|
| __type_params__ = ()
|
| __weakrefoffset__ = 368
class zip(object)
| zip(*iterables, strict=False) --> Yield tuples until an input is exhausted.
|
| >>> list(zip('abcdefg', range(3), range(4)))
| [('a', 0, 0), ('b', 1, 1), ('c', 2, 2)]
|
| The zip object yields n-length tuples, where n is the number of iterables
| passed as positional arguments to zip(). The i-th element in every tuple
| comes from the i-th iterable argument to zip(). This continues until the
| shortest argument is exhausted.
|
| If strict is true and one of the arguments is exhausted before the others,
| raise a ValueError.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __next__(self, /)
| Implement next(self).
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Return state information for pickling.
|
| __setstate__(...)
| Set state information for unpickling.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
FUNCTIONS
__build_class__(...)
__build_class__(func, name, /, *bases, [metaclass], **kwds) -> class
Internal helper function used by the class statement.
__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)
Import a module.
Because this function is meant for use by the Python
interpreter and not for general use, it is better to use
importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module.
The globals argument is only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals argument is unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...``, or an
empty list to emulate ``import name``.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. The level argument is used to determine whether to
perform absolute or relative imports: 0 is absolute, while a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.
abs(x, /)
Return the absolute value of the argument.
aiter(async_iterable, /)
Return an AsyncIterator for an AsyncIterable object.
all(iterable, /)
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return True.
anext(...)
async anext(aiterator[, default])
Return the next item from the async iterator. If default is given and the async
iterator is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopAsyncIteration.
any(iterable, /)
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.
If the iterable is empty, return False.
ascii(obj, /)
Return an ASCII-only representation of an object.
As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \\x, \\u or \\U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.
bin(number, /)
Return the binary representation of an integer.
>>> bin(2796202)
'0b1010101010101010101010'
breakpoint(...)
breakpoint(*args, **kws)
Call sys.breakpointhook(*args, **kws). sys.breakpointhook() must accept
whatever arguments are passed.
By default, this drops you into the pdb debugger.
callable(obj, /)
Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
__call__() method.
chr(i, /)
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.
compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1)
Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().
The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.
delattr(obj, name, /)
Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y``
dir(...)
Show attributes of an object.
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
divmod(x, y, /)
Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.
eval(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)
Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
exec(source, globals=None, locals=None, /, *, closure=None)
Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
The closure must be a tuple of cellvars, and can only be used
when source is a code object requiring exactly that many cellvars.
format(value, format_spec='', /)
Return type(value).__format__(value, format_spec)
Many built-in types implement format_spec according to the
Format Specification Mini-language. See help('FORMATTING').
If type(value) does not supply a method named __format__
and format_spec is empty, then str(value) is returned.
See also help('SPECIALMETHODS').
getattr(...)
Get a named attribute from an object.
getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
globals()
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
NOTE: Updates to this dictionary *will* affect name lookups in the current
global scope and vice-versa.
hasattr(obj, name, /)
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
hash(obj, /)
Return the hash value for the given object.
Two objects that compare equal must also have the same hash value, but the
reverse is not necessarily true.
hex(number, /)
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer.
>>> hex(12648430)
'0xc0ffee'
id(obj, /)
Return the identity of an object.
This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
(CPython uses the object's memory address.)
input(prompt='', /)
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
The prompt string, if given, is printed to standard output without a
trailing newline before reading input.
If the user hits EOF (*nix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On *nix systems, readline is used if available.
isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
or ...`` etc.
issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether 'cls' is derived from another class or is the same class.
A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)
or ...``.
iter(...)
Get an iterator from an object.
In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
len(obj, /)
Return the number of items in a container.
locals()
Return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
NOTE: Whether or not updates to this dictionary will affect name lookups in
the local scope and vice-versa is *implementation dependent* and not
covered by any backwards compatibility guarantees.
max(...)
max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min(...)
min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
min(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
next(...)
Return the next item from the iterator.
If default is given and the iterator is exhausted,
it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.
oct(number, /)
Return the octal representation of an integer.
>>> oct(342391)
'0o1234567'
open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
Open file and return a stream. Raise OSError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding.
(For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding
unspecified.) The available modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'x' create a new file and open it for writing
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is
given, the default buffering policy works as follows:
* Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
"block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
* "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above
for binary files.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
to the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
similar to passing None).
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
ord(c, /)
Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string.
pow(base, exp, mod=None)
Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments
Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
print(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
sep
string inserted between values, default a space.
end
string appended after the last value, default a newline.
file
a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
flush
whether to forcibly flush the stream.
repr(obj, /)
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For many object types, including most builtins, eval(repr(obj)) == obj.
round(number, ndigits=None)
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None. Otherwise
the return value has the same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
setattr(obj, name, value, /)
Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v``
sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.
A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.
sum(iterable, /, start=0)
Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers
When the iterable is empty, return the start value.
This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may
reject non-numeric types.
vars(...)
Show vars.
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
DATA
Ellipsis = Ellipsis
False = False
None = None
NotImplemented = NotImplemented
True = True
__debug__ = True
copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundati...ematisc...
credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment. ...
exit = Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help abou...
license = Type license() to see the full license text
quit = Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
FILE
(built-in)
os.path
Python Library Documentation: module ntpath
NAME
ntpath - Common pathname manipulations, WindowsNT/95 version.
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/ntpath.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
Instead of importing this module directly, import os and refer to this
module as os.path.
FUNCTIONS
abspath(path)
Return the absolute version of a path.
basename(p)
Returns the final component of a pathname
commonpath(paths)
Given a sequence of path names, returns the longest common sub-path.
commonprefix(m)
Given a list of pathnames, returns the longest common leading component
dirname(p)
Returns the directory component of a pathname
exists = _path_exists(path, /)
Test whether a path exists. Returns False for broken symbolic links.
expanduser(path)
Expand ~ and ~user constructs.
If user or $HOME is unknown, do nothing.
expandvars(path)
Expand shell variables of the forms $var, ${var} and %var%.
Unknown variables are left unchanged.
getatime(filename)
Return the last access time of a file, reported by os.stat().
getctime(filename)
Return the metadata change time of a file, reported by os.stat().
getmtime(filename)
Return the last modification time of a file, reported by os.stat().
getsize(filename)
Return the size of a file, reported by os.stat().
isabs(s)
Test whether a path is absolute
isdir = _path_isdir(s)
Return true if the pathname refers to an existing directory.
isfile = _path_isfile(path)
Test whether a path is a regular file
isjunction(path)
Test whether a path is a junction
islink = _path_islink(path)
Test whether a path is a symbolic link
ismount(path)
Test whether a path is a mount point (a drive root, the root of a
share, or a mounted volume)
join(path, *paths)
lexists(path)
Test whether a path exists. Returns True for broken symbolic links
normcase(s)
Normalize case of pathname.
Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes.
normpath = _path_normpath(path)
Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc.
realpath(path, *, strict=False)
relpath(path, start=None)
Return a relative version of a path
samefile(f1, f2)
Test whether two pathnames reference the same actual file or directory
This is determined by the device number and i-node number and
raises an exception if an os.stat() call on either pathname fails.
sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)
Test whether two open file objects reference the same file
samestat(s1, s2)
Test whether two stat buffers reference the same file
split(p)
Split a pathname.
Return tuple (head, tail) where tail is everything after the final slash.
Either part may be empty.
splitdrive(p)
Split a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path specifiers.
Returns a 2-tuple (drive_or_unc, path); either part may be empty.
If you assign
result = splitdrive(p)
It is always true that:
result[0] + result[1] == p
If the path contained a drive letter, drive_or_unc will contain everything
up to and including the colon. e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir")
If the path contained a UNC path, the drive_or_unc will contain the host name
and share up to but not including the fourth directory separator character.
e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir")
Paths cannot contain both a drive letter and a UNC path.
splitext(p)
Split the extension from a pathname.
Extension is everything from the last dot to the end, ignoring
leading dots. Returns "(root, ext)"; ext may be empty.
splitroot(p)
Split a pathname into drive, root and tail. The drive is defined
exactly as in splitdrive(). On Windows, the root may be a single path
separator or an empty string. The tail contains anything after the root.
For example:
splitroot('//server/share/') == ('//server/share', '/', '')
splitroot('C:/Users/Barney') == ('C:', '/', 'Users/Barney')
splitroot('C:///spam///ham') == ('C:', '/', '//spam///ham')
splitroot('Windows/notepad') == ('', '', 'Windows/notepad')
DATA
__all__ = ['normcase', 'isabs', 'join', 'splitdrive', 'splitroot', 'sp...
altsep = '/'
curdir = '.'
defpath = r'.;C:\bin'
devnull = 'nul'
extsep = '.'
pardir = '..'
pathsep = ';'
sep = r'\'
supports_unicode_filenames = True
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\ntpath.py
os.pathsep
Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for ';'. Use help() to get the interactive help utility. Use help(str) for help on the str class.
os.pipe
Python Library Documentation: built-in function pipe in module nt
pipe()
Create a pipe.
Returns a tuple of two file descriptors:
(read_fd, write_fd)
os.popen
Python Library Documentation: function popen in module os popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1)
os.putenv
Python Library Documentation: built-in function putenv in module nt
putenv(name, value, /)
Change or add an environment variable.
os.read
Python Library Documentation: built-in function read in module nt
read(fd, length, /)
Read from a file descriptor. Returns a bytes object.
os.readlink
Python Library Documentation: built-in function readlink in module nt
readlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable,
using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.remove
Python Library Documentation: built-in function remove in module nt
remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as unlink()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.removedirs
Python Library Documentation: function removedirs in module os
removedirs(name)
removedirs(name)
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are
ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.
os.rename
Python Library Documentation: built-in function rename in module nt
rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.renames
Python Library Documentation: function renames in module os
renames(old, new)
renames(old, new)
Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
path segments of the old name will be pruned until either the
whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.
Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
file.
os.replace
Python Library Documentation: built-in function replace in module nt
replace(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory, overwriting the destination.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.rmdir
Python Library Documentation: built-in function rmdir in module nt
rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.scandir
Python Library Documentation: built-in function scandir in module nt
scandir(path=None)
Return an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path
is bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in
all other circumstances they will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
os.sep
Error rendering doc: No Python documentation found for '\\'. Use help() to get the interactive help utility. Use help(str) for help on the str class.
os.set_blocking
Python Library Documentation: built-in function set_blocking in module nt
set_blocking(fd, blocking, /)
Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor.
Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False,
clear the O_NONBLOCK flag otherwise.
os.set_handle_inheritable
Python Library Documentation: built-in function set_handle_inheritable in module nt
set_handle_inheritable(handle, inheritable, /)
Set the inheritable flag of the specified handle.
os.set_inheritable
Python Library Documentation: built-in function set_inheritable in module nt
set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, /)
Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.
os.spawnl
Python Library Documentation: function spawnl in module os
spawnl(mode, file, *args)
spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
os.spawnle
Python Library Documentation: function spawnle in module os
spawnle(mode, file, *args)
spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
os.spawnv
Python Library Documentation: built-in function spawnv in module nt
spawnv(mode, path, argv, /)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
mode
Mode of process creation.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
os.spawnve
Python Library Documentation: built-in function spawnve in module nt
spawnve(mode, path, argv, env, /)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
mode
Mode of process creation.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
os.st
Python Library Documentation: module stat
NAME
stat - Constants/functions for interpreting results of os.stat() and os.lstat().
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/stat.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
Suggested usage: from stat import *
FUNCTIONS
S_IFMT(...)
Return the portion of the file's mode that describes the file type.
S_IMODE(...)
Return the portion of the file's mode that can be set by os.chmod().
S_ISBLK(...)
S_ISBLK(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a block special device file.
S_ISCHR(...)
S_ISCHR(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a character special device file.
S_ISDIR(...)
S_ISDIR(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a directory.
S_ISDOOR(...)
S_ISDOOR(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a door.
S_ISFIFO(...)
S_ISFIFO(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a FIFO (named pipe).
S_ISLNK(...)
S_ISLNK(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a symbolic link.
S_ISPORT(...)
S_ISPORT(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from an event port.
S_ISREG(...)
S_ISREG(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a regular file.
S_ISSOCK(...)
S_ISSOCK(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a socket.
S_ISWHT(...)
S_ISWHT(mode) -> bool
Return True if mode is from a whiteout.
filemode(...)
Convert a file's mode to a string of the form '-rwxrwxrwx'
DATA
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE = 32
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED = 2048
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DEVICE = 64
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY = 16
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED = 16384
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN = 2
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_INTEGRITY_STREAM = 32768
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL = 128
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED = 8192
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SCRUB_DATA = 131072
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE = 4096
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY = 1
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE = 512
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM = 4
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY = 256
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL = 65536
IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK = 2147483675
IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT = 2684354563
IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
SF_APPEND = 262144
SF_ARCHIVED = 65536
SF_IMMUTABLE = 131072
SF_NOUNLINK = 1048576
SF_SNAPSHOT = 2097152
ST_ATIME = 7
ST_CTIME = 9
ST_DEV = 2
ST_GID = 5
ST_INO = 1
ST_MODE = 0
ST_MTIME = 8
ST_NLINK = 3
ST_SIZE = 6
ST_UID = 4
S_ENFMT = 1024
S_IEXEC = 64
S_IFBLK = 24576
S_IFCHR = 8192
S_IFDIR = 16384
S_IFDOOR = 0
S_IFIFO = 4096
S_IFLNK = 40960
S_IFPORT = 0
S_IFREG = 32768
S_IFSOCK = 49152
S_IFWHT = 0
S_IREAD = 256
S_IRGRP = 32
S_IROTH = 4
S_IRUSR = 256
S_IRWXG = 56
S_IRWXO = 7
S_IRWXU = 448
S_ISGID = 1024
S_ISUID = 2048
S_ISVTX = 512
S_IWGRP = 16
S_IWOTH = 2
S_IWRITE = 128
S_IWUSR = 128
S_IXGRP = 8
S_IXOTH = 1
S_IXUSR = 64
UF_APPEND = 4
UF_COMPRESSED = 32
UF_HIDDEN = 32768
UF_IMMUTABLE = 2
UF_NODUMP = 1
UF_NOUNLINK = 16
UF_OPAQUE = 8
FILE
c:\users\youse\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\stat.py
os.startfile
Python Library Documentation: built-in function startfile in module nt
startfile(...)
Start a file with its associated application.
When "operation" is not specified or "open", this acts like
double-clicking the file in Explorer, or giving the file name as an
argument to the DOS "start" command: the file is opened with whatever
application (if any) its extension is associated.
When another "operation" is given, it specifies what should be done with
the file. A typical operation is "print".
"arguments" is passed to the application, but should be omitted if the
file is a document.
"cwd" is the working directory for the operation. If "filepath" is
relative, it will be resolved against this directory. This argument
should usually be an absolute path.
"show_cmd" can be used to override the recommended visibility option.
See the Windows ShellExecute documentation for values.
startfile returns as soon as the associated application is launched.
There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way
to retrieve the application's exit status.
The filepath is relative to the current directory. If you want to use
an absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash ("/");
the underlying Win32 ShellExecute function doesn't work if it is.
os.stat
Python Library Documentation: built-in function stat in module nt
stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
path
Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or
open-file-descriptor int.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to
that directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
It's an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
os.stat_result
Python Library Documentation: class stat_result in module os
class stat_result(builtins.tuple)
| stat_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| stat_result: Result from stat, fstat, or lstat.
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)
| or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.
|
| Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,
| or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.
|
| See os.stat for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| stat_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| st_atime
| time of last access
|
| st_atime_ns
| time of last access in nanoseconds
|
| st_birthtime
| time of creation
|
| st_birthtime_ns
| time of creation in nanoseconds
|
| st_ctime
| time of last change
|
| st_ctime_ns
| time of last change in nanoseconds
|
| st_dev
| device
|
| st_file_attributes
| Windows file attribute bits
|
| st_gid
| group ID of owner
|
| st_ino
| inode
|
| st_mode
| protection bits
|
| st_mtime
| time of last modification
|
| st_mtime_ns
| time of last modification in nanoseconds
|
| st_nlink
| number of hard links
|
| st_reparse_tag
| Windows reparse tag
|
| st_size
| total size, in bytes
|
| st_uid
| user ID of owner
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('st_mode', 'st_ino', 'st_dev', 'st_nlink', 'st_uid',...
|
| n_fields = 20
|
| n_sequence_fields = 10
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 3
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
os.statvfs_result
Python Library Documentation: class statvfs_result in module os
class statvfs_result(builtins.tuple)
| statvfs_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),
| or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.
|
| See os.statvfs for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| statvfs_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| f_bavail
|
| f_bfree
|
| f_blocks
|
| f_bsize
|
| f_favail
|
| f_ffree
|
| f_files
|
| f_flag
|
| f_frsize
|
| f_fsid
|
| f_namemax
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('f_bsize', 'f_frsize', 'f_blocks', 'f_bfree', 'f_bav...
|
| n_fields = 11
|
| n_sequence_fields = 10
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
os.strerror
Python Library Documentation: built-in function strerror in module nt
strerror(code, /)
Translate an error code to a message string.
os.supports_bytes_environ
Python Library Documentation: bool object class bool(int) | bool(x) -> bool | | Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise. | The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool. | The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed. | | Method resolution order: | bool | int | object | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(self, value, /) | Return self&value. | | __invert__(self, /) | ~self | | __or__(self, value, /) | Return self|value. | | __rand__(self, value, /) | Return value&self. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, value, /) | Return value|self. | | __rxor__(self, value, /) | Return value^self. | | __xor__(self, value, /) | Return self^value. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from int: | | __abs__(self, /) | abs(self) | | __add__(self, value, /) | Return self+value. | | __bool__(self, /) | True if self else False | | __ceil__(...) | Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. | | __divmod__(self, value, /) | Return divmod(self, value). | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __float__(self, /) | float(self) | | __floor__(...) | Flooring an Integral returns itself. | | __floordiv__(self, value, /) | Return self//value. | | __format__(self, format_spec, /) | Convert to a string according to format_spec. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __getnewargs__(self, /) | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __hash__(self, /) | Return hash(self). | | __index__(self, /) | Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. | | __int__(self, /) | int(self) | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __lshift__(self, value, /) | Return self<<value. | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __mod__(self, value, /) | Return self%value. | | __mul__(self, value, /) | Return self*value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __neg__(self, /) | -self | | __pos__(self, /) | +self | | __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /) | Return pow(self, value, mod). | | __radd__(self, value, /) | Return value+self. | | __rdivmod__(self, value, /) | Return divmod(value, self). | | __rfloordiv__(self, value, /) | Return value//self. | | __rlshift__(self, value, /) | Return value<<self. | | __rmod__(self, value, /) | Return value%self. | | __rmul__(self, value, /) | Return value*self. | | __round__(...) | Rounding an Integral returns itself. | | Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer. | | __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /) | Return pow(value, self, mod). | | __rrshift__(self, value, /) | Return value>>self. | | __rshift__(self, value, /) | Return self>>value. | | __rsub__(self, value, /) | Return value-self. | | __rtruediv__(self, value, /) | Return value/self. | | __sizeof__(self, /) | Returns size in memory, in bytes. | | __sub__(self, value, /) | Return self-value. | | __truediv__(self, value, /) | Return self/value. | | __trunc__(...) | Truncating an Integral returns itself. | | as_integer_ratio(self, /) | Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int. | | The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. | | >>> (10).as_integer_ratio() | (10, 1) | >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio() | (-10, 1) | >>> (0).as_integer_ratio() | (0, 1) | | bit_count(self, /) | Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self. | | Also known as the population count. | | >>> bin(13) | '0b1101' | >>> (13).bit_count() | 3 | | bit_length(self, /) | Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. | | >>> bin(37) | '0b100101' | >>> (37).bit_length() | 6 | | conjugate(...) | Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. | | is_integer(self, /) | Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer. | | to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False) | Return an array of bytes representing an integer. | | length | Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the | integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default | is length 1. | byteorder | The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big', | the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If | byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the | byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use | `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'. | signed | Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer. | If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError | is raised. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods inherited from int: | | from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False) | Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes. | | bytes | Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either | support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes. | Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the | buffer protocol. | byteorder | The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big', | the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If | byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the | byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use | `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value. Default is to use 'big'. | signed | Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors inherited from int: | | denominator | the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms | | imag | the imaginary part of a complex number | | numerator | the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms | | real | the real part of a complex number
os.supports_dir_fd
Python Library Documentation: set object class set(object) | set() -> new empty set object | set(iterable) -> new set object | | Build an unordered collection of unique elements. | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(self, value, /) | Return self&value. | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __iand__(self, value, /) | Return self&=value. | | __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | __ior__(self, value, /) | Return self|=value. | | __isub__(self, value, /) | Return self-=value. | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __ixor__(self, value, /) | Return self^=value. | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __or__(self, value, /) | Return self|value. | | __rand__(self, value, /) | Return value&self. | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, value, /) | Return value|self. | | __rsub__(self, value, /) | Return value-self. | | __rxor__(self, value, /) | Return value^self. | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __sub__(self, value, /) | Return self-value. | | __xor__(self, value, /) | Return self^value. | | add(...) | Add an element to a set. | | This has no effect if the element is already present. | | clear(...) | Remove all elements from this set. | | copy(...) | Return a shallow copy of a set. | | difference(...) | Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) | | difference_update(...) | Remove all elements of another set from this set. | | discard(...) | Remove an element from a set if it is a member. | | Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise | an exception when an element is missing from the set. | | intersection(...) | Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) | | intersection_update(...) | Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. | | isdisjoint(...) | Return True if two sets have a null intersection. | | issubset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in the set is in other. | | issuperset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in other is in the set. | | pop(...) | Remove and return an arbitrary set element. | Raises KeyError if the set is empty. | | remove(...) | Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. | | If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. | | symmetric_difference(...) | Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) | | symmetric_difference_update(...) | Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. | | union(...) | Return the union of sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) | | update(...) | Update a set with the union of itself and others. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | __class_getitem__(...) | See PEP 585 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None
os.supports_effective_ids
Python Library Documentation: set object class set(object) | set() -> new empty set object | set(iterable) -> new set object | | Build an unordered collection of unique elements. | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(self, value, /) | Return self&value. | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __iand__(self, value, /) | Return self&=value. | | __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | __ior__(self, value, /) | Return self|=value. | | __isub__(self, value, /) | Return self-=value. | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __ixor__(self, value, /) | Return self^=value. | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __or__(self, value, /) | Return self|value. | | __rand__(self, value, /) | Return value&self. | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, value, /) | Return value|self. | | __rsub__(self, value, /) | Return value-self. | | __rxor__(self, value, /) | Return value^self. | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __sub__(self, value, /) | Return self-value. | | __xor__(self, value, /) | Return self^value. | | add(...) | Add an element to a set. | | This has no effect if the element is already present. | | clear(...) | Remove all elements from this set. | | copy(...) | Return a shallow copy of a set. | | difference(...) | Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) | | difference_update(...) | Remove all elements of another set from this set. | | discard(...) | Remove an element from a set if it is a member. | | Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise | an exception when an element is missing from the set. | | intersection(...) | Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) | | intersection_update(...) | Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. | | isdisjoint(...) | Return True if two sets have a null intersection. | | issubset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in the set is in other. | | issuperset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in other is in the set. | | pop(...) | Remove and return an arbitrary set element. | Raises KeyError if the set is empty. | | remove(...) | Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. | | If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. | | symmetric_difference(...) | Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) | | symmetric_difference_update(...) | Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. | | union(...) | Return the union of sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) | | update(...) | Update a set with the union of itself and others. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | __class_getitem__(...) | See PEP 585 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None
os.supports_fd
Python Library Documentation: set object class set(object) | set() -> new empty set object | set(iterable) -> new set object | | Build an unordered collection of unique elements. | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(self, value, /) | Return self&value. | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __iand__(self, value, /) | Return self&=value. | | __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | __ior__(self, value, /) | Return self|=value. | | __isub__(self, value, /) | Return self-=value. | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __ixor__(self, value, /) | Return self^=value. | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __or__(self, value, /) | Return self|value. | | __rand__(self, value, /) | Return value&self. | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, value, /) | Return value|self. | | __rsub__(self, value, /) | Return value-self. | | __rxor__(self, value, /) | Return value^self. | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __sub__(self, value, /) | Return self-value. | | __xor__(self, value, /) | Return self^value. | | add(...) | Add an element to a set. | | This has no effect if the element is already present. | | clear(...) | Remove all elements from this set. | | copy(...) | Return a shallow copy of a set. | | difference(...) | Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) | | difference_update(...) | Remove all elements of another set from this set. | | discard(...) | Remove an element from a set if it is a member. | | Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise | an exception when an element is missing from the set. | | intersection(...) | Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) | | intersection_update(...) | Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. | | isdisjoint(...) | Return True if two sets have a null intersection. | | issubset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in the set is in other. | | issuperset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in other is in the set. | | pop(...) | Remove and return an arbitrary set element. | Raises KeyError if the set is empty. | | remove(...) | Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. | | If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. | | symmetric_difference(...) | Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) | | symmetric_difference_update(...) | Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. | | union(...) | Return the union of sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) | | update(...) | Update a set with the union of itself and others. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | __class_getitem__(...) | See PEP 585 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None
os.supports_follow_symlinks
Python Library Documentation: set object class set(object) | set() -> new empty set object | set(iterable) -> new set object | | Build an unordered collection of unique elements. | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(self, value, /) | Return self&value. | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. | | __eq__(self, value, /) | Return self==value. | | __ge__(self, value, /) | Return self>=value. | | __getattribute__(self, name, /) | Return getattr(self, name). | | __gt__(self, value, /) | Return self>value. | | __iand__(self, value, /) | Return self&=value. | | __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | __ior__(self, value, /) | Return self|=value. | | __isub__(self, value, /) | Return self-=value. | | __iter__(self, /) | Implement iter(self). | | __ixor__(self, value, /) | Return self^=value. | | __le__(self, value, /) | Return self<=value. | | __len__(self, /) | Return len(self). | | __lt__(self, value, /) | Return self<value. | | __ne__(self, value, /) | Return self!=value. | | __or__(self, value, /) | Return self|value. | | __rand__(self, value, /) | Return value&self. | | __reduce__(...) | Return state information for pickling. | | __repr__(self, /) | Return repr(self). | | __ror__(self, value, /) | Return value|self. | | __rsub__(self, value, /) | Return value-self. | | __rxor__(self, value, /) | Return value^self. | | __sizeof__(...) | S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes | | __sub__(self, value, /) | Return self-value. | | __xor__(self, value, /) | Return self^value. | | add(...) | Add an element to a set. | | This has no effect if the element is already present. | | clear(...) | Remove all elements from this set. | | copy(...) | Return a shallow copy of a set. | | difference(...) | Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) | | difference_update(...) | Remove all elements of another set from this set. | | discard(...) | Remove an element from a set if it is a member. | | Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise | an exception when an element is missing from the set. | | intersection(...) | Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.) | | intersection_update(...) | Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. | | isdisjoint(...) | Return True if two sets have a null intersection. | | issubset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in the set is in other. | | issuperset(self, other, /) | Test whether every element in other is in the set. | | pop(...) | Remove and return an arbitrary set element. | Raises KeyError if the set is empty. | | remove(...) | Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. | | If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. | | symmetric_difference(...) | Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) | | symmetric_difference_update(...) | Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. | | union(...) | Return the union of sets as a new set. | | (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) | | update(...) | Update a set with the union of itself and others. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | __class_getitem__(...) | See PEP 585 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(*args, **kwargs) | Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | __hash__ = None
os.symlink
Python Library Documentation: built-in function symlink in module nt
symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.
target_is_directory is required on Windows if the target is to be
interpreted as a directory. (On Windows, symlink requires
Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.)
target_is_directory is ignored on non-Windows platforms.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.sys
Python Library Documentation: built-in module sys
NAME
sys
MODULE REFERENCE
https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sys.html
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by print()
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.
last_exc - the last uncaught exception
Only available in an interactive session after a
traceback has been printed.
last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
These three are the (deprecated) legacy representation of last_exc.
Static objects:
builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
float_info -- a named tuple with information about the float implementation.
float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
hash_info -- a named tuple with information about the hash algorithm.
hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
implementation -- Python implementation information.
int_info -- a named tuple with information about the int implementation.
maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
maxunicode -- the value of the largest Unicode code point
platform -- platform identifier
prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
thread_info -- a named tuple with information about the thread implementation.
version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
version_info -- version information as a named tuple
dllhandle -- [Windows only] integer handle of the Python DLL
winver -- [Windows only] version number of the Python DLL
_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding -- [Windows only]
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!
Functions:
displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in builtins._
excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exception() -- return the current thread's active exception
exc_info() -- return information about the current thread's active exception
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function
SUBMODULES
monitoring
FUNCTIONS
__breakpointhook__ = breakpointhook(...)
breakpointhook(*args, **kws)
This hook function is called by built-in breakpoint().
__displayhook__ = displayhook(object, /)
Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._
__excepthook__ = excepthook(exctype, value, traceback, /)
Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.
__unraisablehook__ = unraisablehook(unraisable, /)
Handle an unraisable exception.
The unraisable argument has the following attributes:
* exc_type: Exception type.
* exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
* exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
* err_msg: Error message, can be None.
* object: Object causing the exception, can be None.
activate_stack_trampoline(backend, /)
Activate stack profiler trampoline *backend*.
addaudithook(hook)
Adds a new audit hook callback.
audit(...)
audit(event, *args)
Passes the event to any audit hooks that are attached.
breakpointhook(...)
breakpointhook(*args, **kws)
This hook function is called by built-in breakpoint().
call_tracing(func, args, /)
Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled.
The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended
to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug
some other code.
deactivate_stack_trampoline()
Deactivate the current stack profiler trampoline backend.
If no stack profiler is activated, this function has no effect.
displayhook(object, /)
Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._
exc_info()
Return current exception information: (type, value, traceback).
Return information about the most recent exception caught by an except
clause in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame.
excepthook(exctype, value, traceback, /)
Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.
exception()
Return the current exception.
Return the most recent exception caught by an except clause
in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame, or None
if no such exception exists.
exit(status=None, /)
Exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit(status).
If the status is omitted or None, it defaults to zero (i.e., success).
If the status is an integer, it will be used as the system exit status.
If it is another kind of object, it will be printed and the system
exit status will be one (i.e., failure).
get_asyncgen_hooks()
Return the installed asynchronous generators hooks.
This returns a namedtuple of the form (firstiter, finalizer).
get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
Check status of origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.
get_int_max_str_digits()
Return the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.
getallocatedblocks()
Return the number of memory blocks currently allocated.
getdefaultencoding()
Return the current default encoding used by the Unicode implementation.
getfilesystemencodeerrors()
Return the error mode used Unicode to OS filename conversion.
getfilesystemencoding()
Return the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames to OS filenames.
getprofile()
Return the profiling function set with sys.setprofile.
See the profiler chapter in the library manual.
getrecursionlimit()
Return the current value of the recursion limit.
The recursion limit is the maximum depth of the Python interpreter
stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow
of the C stack and crashing Python.
getrefcount(object, /)
Return the reference count of object.
The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect,
because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to
getrefcount().
getsizeof(...)
getsizeof(object [, default]) -> int
Return the size of object in bytes.
getswitchinterval()
Return the current thread switch interval; see sys.setswitchinterval().
gettrace()
Return the global debug tracing function set with sys.settrace.
See the debugger chapter in the library manual.
getunicodeinternedsize()
Return the number of elements of the unicode interned dictionary
getwindowsversion()
Return info about the running version of Windows as a named tuple.
The members are named: major, minor, build, platform, service_pack,
service_pack_major, service_pack_minor, suite_mask, product_type and
platform_version. For backward compatibility, only the first 5 items
are available by indexing. All elements are numbers, except
service_pack and platform_type which are strings, and platform_version
which is a 3-tuple. Platform is always 2. Product_type may be 1 for a
workstation, 2 for a domain controller, 3 for a server.
Platform_version is a 3-tuple containing a version number that is
intended for identifying the OS rather than feature detection.
intern(string, /)
``Intern'' the given string.
This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose
purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or
the previously interned string object with the same value.
is_finalizing()
Return True if Python is exiting.
is_stack_trampoline_active()
Return *True* if a stack profiler trampoline is active.
set_asyncgen_hooks(...)
set_asyncgen_hooks([firstiter] [, finalizer])
Set a finalizer for async generators objects.
set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(depth)
Enable or disable origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.
Coroutine objects will track 'depth' frames of traceback information
about where they came from, available in their cr_origin attribute.
Set a depth of 0 to disable.
set_int_max_str_digits(maxdigits)
Set the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.
setprofile(...)
setprofile(function)
Set the profiling function. It will be called on each function call
and return. See the profiler chapter in the library manual.
setrecursionlimit(limit, /)
Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to n.
This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C
stack and crashing Python. The highest possible limit is platform-
dependent.
setswitchinterval(interval, /)
Set the ideal thread switching delay inside the Python interpreter.
The actual frequency of switching threads can be lower if the
interpreter executes long sequences of uninterruptible code
(this is implementation-specific and workload-dependent).
The parameter must represent the desired switching delay in seconds
A typical value is 0.005 (5 milliseconds).
settrace(...)
settrace(function)
Set the global debug tracing function. It will be called on each
function call. See the debugger chapter in the library manual.
unraisablehook(unraisable, /)
Handle an unraisable exception.
The unraisable argument has the following attributes:
* exc_type: Exception type.
* exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
* exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
* err_msg: Error message, can be None.
* object: Object causing the exception, can be None.
DATA
__stderr__ = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='cp1...
__stdin__ = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='utf-8...
__stdout__ = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='cp1...
api_version = 1013
argv = [r'f:\JoeyCodes\PyDocs\py_docs.py', '--worker', 'os', r'F:\Joey...
base_exec_prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Pyth...
base_prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312...
builtin_module_names = ('_abc', '_ast', '_bisect', '_blake2', '_codecs...
byteorder = 'little'
copyright = 'Copyright (c) 2001-2023 Python Software Foundati...ematis...
dllhandle = 140727031824384
dont_write_bytecode = False
exec_prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312...
executable = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\...
flags = sys.flags(debug=0, inspect=0, interactive=0, opt...ding=0, saf...
float_info = sys.float_info(max=1.7976931348623157e+308, max_...epsilo...
float_repr_style = 'short'
hash_info = sys.hash_info(width=64, modulus=2305843009213693...iphash1...
hexversion = 51119856
implementation = namespace(name='cpython', cache_tag='cpython-312...as...
int_info = sys.int_info(bits_per_digit=30, sizeof_digit=4, ..._str_dig...
maxsize = 9223372036854775807
maxunicode = 1114111
meta_path = [<_distutils_hack.DistutilsMetaFinder object>, <class '_fr...
modules = {'__future__': <module '__future__' from 'C:\\Users\\Youse\\...
orig_argv = [r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\...
path = [r'f:\JoeyCodes\PyDocs', r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Program...
path_hooks = [<class 'zipimport.zipimporter'>, <function FileFinder.pa...
path_importer_cache = {r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\...
platform = 'win32'
platlibdir = 'DLLs'
prefix = r'C:\Users\Youse\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312'
pycache_prefix = None
stderr = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='cp1252'...
stdin = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='utf-8'>
stdlib_module_names = frozenset({'__future__', '_abc', '_aix_support',...
stdout = <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='cp1252'...
thread_info = sys.thread_info(name='nt', lock=None, version=None)
version = '3.12.6 (tags/v3.12.6:a4a2d2b, Sep 6 2024, 20:11:23) [MSC v...
version_info = sys.version_info(major=3, minor=12, micro=6, releaselev...
warnoptions = []
winver = '3.12'
FILE
(built-in)
os.system
Python Library Documentation: built-in function system in module nt
system(command)
Execute the command in a subshell.
os.terminal_size
Python Library Documentation: class terminal_size in module os
class terminal_size(builtins.tuple)
| terminal_size(iterable=(), /)
|
| A tuple of (columns, lines) for holding terminal window size
|
| Method resolution order:
| terminal_size
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| columns
| width of the terminal window in characters
|
| lines
| height of the terminal window in characters
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('columns', 'lines')
|
| n_fields = 2
|
| n_sequence_fields = 2
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
os.times
Python Library Documentation: built-in function times in module nt
times()
Return a collection containing process timing information.
The object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields:
(utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
All fields are floating-point numbers.
os.times_result
Python Library Documentation: class times_result in module nt
class times_result(builtins.tuple)
| times_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| times_result: Result from os.times().
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (user, system, children_user, children_system, elapsed),
| or via the attributes user, system, children_user, children_system,
| and elapsed.
|
| See os.times for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| times_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| children_system
| system time of children
|
| children_user
| user time of children
|
| elapsed
| elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past
|
| system
| system time
|
| user
| user time
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('user', 'system', 'children_user', 'children_system'...
|
| n_fields = 5
|
| n_sequence_fields = 5
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
os.truncate
Python Library Documentation: built-in function truncate in module nt
truncate(path, length)
Truncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
os.umask
Python Library Documentation: built-in function umask in module nt
umask(mask, /)
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
os.uname_result
Python Library Documentation: class uname_result in module nt
class uname_result(builtins.tuple)
| uname_result(iterable=(), /)
|
| uname_result: Result from os.uname().
|
| This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
| (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine),
| or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine.
|
| See os.uname for more information.
|
| Method resolution order:
| uname_result
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __reduce__(...)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs)
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| machine
| hardware identifier
|
| nodename
| name of machine on network (implementation-defined)
|
| release
| operating system release
|
| sysname
| operating system name
|
| version
| operating system version
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __match_args__ = ('sysname', 'nodename', 'release', 'version', 'machin...
|
| n_fields = 5
|
| n_sequence_fields = 5
|
| n_unnamed_fields = 0
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return bool(key in self).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| count(self, value, /)
| Return number of occurrences of value.
|
| index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
| Return first index of value.
|
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __class_getitem__(...)
| See PEP 585
os.unlink
Python Library Documentation: built-in function unlink in module nt
unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as remove()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.unsetenv
Python Library Documentation: built-in function unsetenv in module nt
unsetenv(name, /)
Delete an environment variable.
os.urandom
Python Library Documentation: built-in function urandom in module nt
urandom(size, /)
Return a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
os.utime
Python Library Documentation: built-in function utime in module nt
utime(...)
Set the access and modified time of path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);
atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.
If ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns);
atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds
since the epoch.
If times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time.
Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path
as an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
os.waitpid
Python Library Documentation: built-in function waitpid in module nt
waitpid(pid, options, /)
Wait for completion of a given process.
Returns a tuple of information regarding the process:
(pid, status << 8)
The options argument is ignored on Windows.
os.waitstatus_to_exitcode
Python Library Documentation: built-in function waitstatus_to_exitcode in module nt
waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
Convert a wait status to an exit code.
On Unix:
* If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status).
* If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status).
* Otherwise, raise a ValueError.
On Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits.
On Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with
WUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
This function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
os.walk
Python Library Documentation: function walk in module os
walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)
Directory tree generator.
For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple
dirpath, dirnames, filenames
dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of
the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (including symlinks to directories,
and excluding '.' and '..').
filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).
If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
(directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple
for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).
When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
(e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune the
search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying dirnames when
topdown is false has no effect on the behavior of os.walk(), since the
directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames
itself is generated. No matter the value of topdown, the list of
subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its
subdirectories are generated.
By default errors from the os.scandir() call are ignored. If
optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
will be called with one argument, an OSError instance. It can
report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
filename attribute of the exception object.
By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the
optional argument 'followlinks' to true.
Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never
changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
either.
Example:
import os
from os.path import join, getsize
for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
print(root, "consumes ")
print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end=" ")
print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
if 'CVS' in dirs:
dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
os.write
Python Library Documentation: built-in function write in module nt
write(fd, data, /)
Write a bytes object to a file descriptor.